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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tumors of female reproductive system</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tumors of female reproductive system</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Опухоли женской репродуктивной системы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-4098</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1999-8627</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1166</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1994-4098-2023-19-4-75-82</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAMMOLOGY. REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАММОЛОГИЯ. ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Breast calcifications. Literature review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Кальцинаты молочной железы. Обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6014-4597</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khodorovich</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ходорович</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>86 Profsoyuznaya St., Moscow 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997 Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, 86</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1641-6452</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solodkiy</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солодкий</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>86 Profsoyuznaya St., Moscow 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997 Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, 86</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0802-2437</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kleshneva</surname><given-names>V. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клешнева</surname><given-names>В. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktoria Olegovna Kleshneva</p><p>86 Profsoyuznaya St., Moscow 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виктория Олеговна Клешнева</p><p>117997 Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, 86</p></bio><email>victoriakleshneva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3261-0984</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sherstneva</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шерстнева</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>86 Profsoyuznaya St., Moscow 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997 Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, 86</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ishchenko</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ищенко</surname><given-names>К. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>86 Profsoyuznaya St., Moscow 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997 Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, 86</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Scientific Center for X-ray Radiology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Российский научный центр рентгенорадиологии» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>75</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-01-19"><day>19</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-01-19"><day>19</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ojrs.abvpress.ru/ojrs/article/view/1166">https://ojrs.abvpress.ru/ojrs/article/view/1166</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Breast cancer continues to maintain a leading position in the structure of the incidence of all oncological diseases among women. Early diagnosis of the disease at the stage of assessing indirect signs makes it possible in the future to maintain a good quality of life for patients by forming proper dynamic monitoring and performing functionally sparing surgical treatment. Interest in the early detection of benign and malignant pathology of the mammary gland is growing every year. A multidisciplinary approach to the study of the formation of breast calcifications makes it possible to look at the problem in a multifaceted way, and ways to solve problems in the process of diagnosis underlie the biochemical understanding of the mechanisms of formation, which is no less important when evaluating mammographic images. Practically up to 50 % of non-palpable breast tumors in practice are detected by signs of existing calcifications in the gland tissue. At present, the problem of early detection of malignant tumors of the breast by radiographic signs of these calcifications, their shape and nature of location in the gland tissue and their further pathomorphological confirmation is being actively studied.We have analyzed the literature data of foreign and domestic authors over the past 20 years. The problem was considered from the mechanism of formation and morphological features of calcifications in the breast tissue to their radiographic assessment on mammographic images. According to the results of the studied literature, the biochemical features of the formations were taken as the basis for understanding the nature of calcifications in the breast tissue. On a biochemical level, calcifications are usually classified into two main types: type I, consisting of calcium oxalate, and type II, consisting of hydroxyapatite. The classification is based on chemical composition and mammographic characteristics, including morphology, distribution and density. Speaking about calcium oxalate, the benign nature of education is most often implied, which cannot be said about hydroxyapatite. Mammography is the main method for diagnosing these formations, taking into account the characteristics of the characteristic radiological signs, which are also detailed in this article.Understanding the molecular and structural development of calcifications may aid in the detection and treatment of breast lesions. Identification of these structures in a patient diagnosed with breast cancer refers to the early diagnosis of the disease, where, with timely prescribed therapy, we get high chances of good long-term results of relapse-free survival.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рак молочной железы продолжает сохранять лидирующую позицию в структуре онкологической заболеваемости среди женщин. Ранняя диагностика заболевания на этапе оценки косвенных признаков дает возможность в будущем сформировать должное динамическое наблюдение, выполнить функционально-щадящее хирургическое лечение и таким образом сохранить хорошее качество жизни пациенток. Интерес к раннему выявлению доброкачественной и злокачественной патологии молочной железы (МЖ) растет с каждым годом. Мультидисциплинарный подход к изучению формирования кальцинатов МЖ дает возможность взглянуть на проблему с разных сторон. Пути решения вопросов, возникающих в процессе диагностики, лежат в том числе в основе понимания биохимических механизмов образования кальцинатов, что немаловажно при оценке маммограмм. Практически до 50 % непальпируемых новообразований МЖ на практике выявляются по признакам имеющихся кальцинатов в ткани железы. В настоящее время активно изучается проблема ранней выявляемости злокачественных опухолей МЖ по рентгенологическим признакам этих кальцинатов, их форме и характеру расположения в ткани железы и их дальнейшего патоморфологического подтверждения.Нами был проведен анализ данных зарубежной и отечественной литературы за последние 20 лет. Проблема рассматривалась от механизма формирования и морфологических особенностей кальцинатов в ткани МЖ до их рентгенологической оценки по маммограммам. По результатам изученной литературы за основу понимания природы кальцинатов в ткани МЖ взяты биохимические особенности их формирования. На биохимическом уровне кальцинаты обычно подразделяют на 2 основных типа: тип I, состоящий из оксалата кальция, и тип II, состоящий из гидроксиапатита. Говоря об оксалате кальция, чаще всего подразумевают доброкачественный характер новообразования, чего нельзя сказать о гидроксиапатите. Маммографическое исследование является основным методом диагностики кальцинатов. Кальцинаты описываются с учетом характерных рентгенологических признаков, которые также подробно указаны в данной статье.Понимание молекулярного и структурного развития кальцинатов может способствовать обнаружению и лечению заболеваний молочной железы. Выявление данных структур у пациентки с диагнозом рака молочной железы относится к ранней диагностике заболевания, когда при своевременно назначенной терапии мы получаем высокие шансы достижения хороших отдаленных показателей безрецидивной выживаемости.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breast cancer</kwd><kwd>calcifications</kwd><kwd>microcalcifications</kwd><kwd>hydroxyapatites</kwd><kwd>calcium oxalates</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>кальцинаты</kwd><kwd>микрокальцинаты</kwd><kwd>гидроксиапатиты</kwd><kwd>оксалаты кальция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Situtation with cancer care in Russia in 2020. Ed. by A.D. Kaprin, V.V. Starinskiy, A.O. Shakhzodova. Moscow: P.A. 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