<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tumors of female reproductive system</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tumors of female reproductive system</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Опухоли женской репродуктивной системы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-4098</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1999-8627</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1245</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1994-4098-2024-16-2-125-133</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GYNECOLOGY. REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИНЕКОЛОГИЯ. ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ovarian neoplasms in pediatric gynecology (literature review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Новообразования яичников в детской гинекологии (обзор литературы)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3253-4512</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Adamyan</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Адамян</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Build. 1, 20 Delegatskaya St., Moscow 127473; 4 Oparina St., Moscow 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>127473 Москва, ул. Делегатская, 20, стр. 1; 117997 Москва, ул. Академика Опарина, 4</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4540-6341</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sibirskaya</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сибирская</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Build. 1, 20 Delegatskaya St., Moscow 127473; 1 Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117997;117 Leninskiy Prospekt, Moscow 119571</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>127473 Москва, ул. Делегатская, 20, стр. 1; 117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1; 119571 Москва, Ленинский проспект, 117</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6844-3321</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pivazyan</surname><given-names>L. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пивазян</surname><given-names>Л. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>4 Oparina St., Moscow 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997 Москва, ул. Академика Опарина, 4</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3750-7054</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Avetisyan</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аветисян</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>4 Oparina St., Moscow 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997 Москва, ул. Академика Опарина, 4</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4693-6886</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zarova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зарова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evdokiya Alekseevna Zarova</p><p>Build. 2, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евдокия Алексеевна Зарова</p><p>119991 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><email>zarovaea@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5302-3097</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarlakyan</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарлакян</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Build. 2, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119991 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0220-0474</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krylova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крылова</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>4 Oparina St., Moscow 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997 Москва, ул. Академика Опарина, 4</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Pediatric Clinical Hospital, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская детская клиническая больница – филиал ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский&#13;
университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>133</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-29"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-07-29"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ojrs.abvpress.ru/ojrs/article/view/1245">https://ojrs.abvpress.ru/ojrs/article/view/1245</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Ovarian neoplasms in children and adolescents are rare pathologies (2.6–3.0 per 100,000 patients a year), however, they are sufficiently relevant in pediatric gynecology nowadays. The age of the patients highly correlates with different histological types of ovarian neoplasms. And this is a reason for discussing this disease in different age groups apart. Unfortunately, there are a number of unresolved issues connected with the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis. This paper discusses recent information related with the subject “ovarian neoplasms in pediatric gynecology” and particularly questions which require further study.</p><p>The aim of the work is to conduct a review of recent literature which corresponds to this subject and to discover questions which require further study.</p><p>The analysis revealed that the etiology and pathogenesis of a number of rare neoplasms has not been discovered fully yet and that can be the cause of the delayed disease diagnostics. Apart from this there are no tools for the preoperative stratification of the risk of malignancy and that can lead to more frequent radical operations for benign tumors.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Новообразования яичников у детей и подростков – редко встречающаяся патология, частота ее составляет 2,6–3,0 случая на 100 тыс. пациенток в год. Тем не менее в настоящее время в детской гинекологии она достаточно актуальна. В зависимости от возраста пациентки спектр новообразований яичников по гистологическому подтипу значительно разнится, поэтому данные заболевания в разных возрастных группах следует рассматривать отдельно. К сожалению, в настоящее время остается ряд нерешенных вопросов, касающихся этиологии, патогенеза и диагностики данных патологий. В связи с этим также существуют сложности в определении дальнейшей тактики лечения пациенток, столкнувшихся с этими заболеваниями. В данной работе представлена тщательно отобранная актуальная информация по теме «новообразования яичников в детской гинекологии» и, в частности, подробно освещены существующие сложности, требующие дальнейшего изучения.</p><p>Цель работы – изучить существующую литературу на данную тему и выявить наиболее важные вопросы, требующие дальнейшего изучения.</p><p>Анализ существующей литературы показал, что этиология и патогенез ряда редких новообразований яичников изучены не до конца, что может приводить к более частым случаям несвоевременной диагностики и, как результат, неправильно установленным диагнозам и ухудшению качества жизни пациенток. Также в настоящее время все еще не существует точного метода предоперационной стратификации риска малигнизации, что приводит к более частым радикальным вмешательствам при доброкачественных опухолях.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ovarian neoplasms</kwd><kwd>ovarian cancer</kwd><kwd>pediatric oncogynecology</kwd><kwd>pediatric gynecology</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>новообразования яичников</kwd><kwd>рак яичников</kwd><kwd>детская онкогинекология</kwd><kwd>детская гинекология</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was performed without external funding.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Van Heerden J., Tjalma W.A. The multidisciplinary approach to ovarian tumours in children and adolescents. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019;243:103–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.10.032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Heo S.H., Kim J.W., Shin S.S. et al. Review of ovarian tumors in children and adolescents: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2014;34(7):2039–55. DOI: 10.1148/rg.347130144</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Renaud E.J., Sømme S., Islam S. et al. Ovarian masses in the child and adolescent: An American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Evidence-Based Practice Committee systematic review. J Pediatr Surg 2019;54(3):369–77. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.08.058</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Lockley M., Stoneham S.J., Olson T.A. Ovarian cancer in adolescents and young adults. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019;66(3):e27512. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27512</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Matz M., Coleman M., Allemani C. Histological subtypes of ovarian cancer: Worldwide distribution and comparison of survival (CONCORD-3). Int J Gynecol Cancer 2019;29:A33.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Cheung A., Shah S., Parker J. et al. Non-epithelial ovarian cancers: How much do we really know? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19(3):1106. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031106</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Maoz A., Matsuo K., Ciccone M.A. et al. Molecular pathways and targeted therapies for malignant ovarian germ cell tumors and sex cord-stromal tumors: A contemporary review Cancers (Basel) 2020;12(6):1398. DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061398</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Torre L.A., Trabert B., DeSantis C.E. et al. Ovarian cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68(4):284–96. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21456</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Kurman R.J., Shih I.M. The dualistic model of ovarian carcinogenesis: Revisited, revised, and expanded. Am J Pathol 2016;186(4):733–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Duska L.R., Kohn E.C. The new classifications of ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer and their clinical implications. Ann Oncol 2017;28(Suppl 8):viii8–12. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx445</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Low J.J., Ilancheran A., Ng J.S. Malignant ovarian germ-cell tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012;26(3):347–55. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.01.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Catasús L., Bussaglia E., Rodrguez I. et al. Molecular genetic alterations in endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary: Similar frequency of beta-catenin abnormalities but lower rate of microsatellite instability and PTEN alterations than in uterine endometrioid carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2004;(11):1360–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2004.07.019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Chen S., Li Y., Qian L. et al. A review of the clinical characteristics and novel molecular subtypes of endometrioid ovarian cancer. Front Oncol 2021;3(11):668151. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.668151</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Alexandrova E., Pecoraro G., Sellitto A. et al. An overview of candidate therapeutic target genes in ovarian cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12(6):1470. DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061470</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Leskela S., Romero I., Cristobal E. et al. Mismatch repair deficiency in ovarian carcinoma: Frequency, causes, and consequences. Am J Surg Pathol 2020;44(5):649–56. DOI: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000001432</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Iida Y., Okamoto A., Hollis R.L. et al. Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: A clinical and molecular perspective. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2021;31(4):605–16. DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2020-001656</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Plaxe S.C. Epidemiology of low-grade serous ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198(4):459.e1–8; discussion 459.e8–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.01.035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Schmeler K.M., Gershenson D.M. Low-grade serous ovarian cancer: A unique disease. Curr Oncol Rep 2008;10(6):519–23. DOI: 10.1007/s11912-008-0078-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Kindelberger D.W., Lee Y., Miron A. et al. Intraepithelial carcinoma of the fimbria and pelvic serous carcinoma: Evidence for a causal relationship. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31(2):161–9. DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000213335.40358.47</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Lala S.V., Strubel N. Ovarian neoplasms of childhood. Pediatr Radiol 2019;49(11):1463–75. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-019-04456-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang M., Jiang W., Li G., Xu C. Ovarian masses in children and adolescents – an analysis of 521 clinical cases. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2014;27(3):e73–e77. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2013.07.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Schneider D.T., Calaminus G., Wessalowski R. et al. Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors in children and adolescents. J Clin Oncol 2003;15;21(12):2357–63. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2003.05.038</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sibirskaya E.V., Sharkov S.M., Shostenko A.V., Medvedeva A.O. Malignant neoplasms of ovaries in children and adolescents. Detskaya khirurgiya. Zhurnal im. Yu.F. Isakova = Yu.F. Isakov Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2018;22(5):258–62. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сибирская Е.В., Шарков С.М., Шостенко А.В., Медведева А.О. Злокачественные новообразования яичников у детей и подростков. Детская хирургия. Журнал им. Ю.Ф. Исакова 2018;22(5):258–62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Boussios S., Moschetta M., Zarkavelis G. et al. Ovarian sex-cord stromal tumours and small cell tumours: Pathological, genetic and management aspects. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017;120: 43–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.10.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Bessière L., Todeschini A.L., Auguste A. et al. A hot-spot of inframe duplications activates the oncoprotein AKT1 in juvenile granulosa cell tumors. E Bio Medicine 2015;2(5):421–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.03.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Durmuş Y., Kılıç Ç., Çakır C. et al. Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor of the ovary: Analysis of a single institution database and review of the literature. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2019;45(7):1311–8. DOI: 10.1111/jog.13977</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Aarestrup J., Trabert B., Ulrich L.G. et al. Childhood overweight, tallness, and growth increase risks of ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019;28(1):183–8. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>McCluggage W.G. Morphological subtypes of ovarian carcinoma: A review with emphasis on new developments and pathogenesis. Pathology 2011;43(5):420–32. DOI: 10.1097/PAT.0b013e328348a6e7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Oltmann S.C., Fischer A., Barber R. et al. Pediatric ovarian malignancy presenting as ovarian torsion: Incidence and relevance. J Pediatr Surg 2010;45(1):135–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.10.021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adamyan L.V., Sibirskaya E.V., Sharkov S.M. et al. Specific moments in the diagnostics of uterine adnexa torsion in a 15-year old girl. Detskaya khirurgiya. Zhurnal im. Yu.F. Isakova = Yu.F. Isakov Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2019;23(3):154–6. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Адамян Л.В., Сибирская Е.В., Шарков С.М. и др. Особенности диагностики перекрута придатков матки у девочки 15 лет. Детская хирургия. Журнал им. Ю.Ф. Исакова 2019;23(3):154–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adamyan L.V., Sibirskaya E.V., Koltunov I.E., Molchanova O.K. The errors of the treatment in girls and young women with ovarian neoplasms. Problemy reproduktsii = Russian Journal of Human Reproduction 2017;23(5):89–94. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Адамян Л.В., Сибирская Е.В., Колтунов И.Е., Молчанова О.К. Ошибки в лечении девочек и девушек с новообразованиями яичников. Проблемы репродукции 2017;23(5):89–94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Khaja A., Frazier L., Weil B.R. et al. Interdisciplinary management of malignant ovarian tumors in the pediatric and adolescent age group. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2022;35(3):260–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2021.10.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adamyan L.V., Sibirskaya E.V., Korotkova S.A. et al. Modern problems of diagnosis and treatment of pelvic inflammatory diseases in adolescent girls. Problemy reproduktsii = Russian Journal of Human Reproduction 2022;28(1):75–80. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Адамян Л.В., Сибирская Е.В., Короткова С.А. и др. Современные проблемы диагностики и лечения воспалительных заболеваний органов малого таза у девочек подросткового возраста. Проблемы репродукции 2022;28(1):75–80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Ye G., Xu T., Liu J. et al. The role of preoperative imaging and tumor markers in predicting malignant ovarian masses in children. Pediatr Surg Int 2020;36(3):333–9. DOI: 10.1007/s00383-019-04591-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Qazi S.H., Jeelani S.M., Dogar S.A. et al. Approaches to the management of pediatric ovarian masses in the 21st century: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Surg 2020;55(3):357–68. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.09.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Hanafy A.K., Mujtaba B., Yedururi S. et al. Imaging in pediatric ovarian tumors. Abdom Radiol 2020;45(2):520–36. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-019-02316-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Nisenblat V., Bossuyt P.M., Shaikh R. et al. Blood biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;1;2016(5):CD012179. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012179</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghafouri-Fard S., Shoorei H., Taheri M. miRNA profile in ovarian cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 113:104381. DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104381</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghafouri-Fard S., Shoorei H., Taheri M. miRNA profile in ovarian cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2020;113:104381. DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104381</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Depoers C., Martin F.A., Nyangoh Timoh K. et al. A preoperative scoring system for adnexal mass in children and adolescents to preserve their future fertility. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2019;32(1):57–63. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2018.08.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Siegel M.J. Magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent female pelvis. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2002;10(2):303–24. DOI: 10.1016/s1064-9689(01)00004-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Kelleher C.M., Goldstein A.M. Adnexal masses in children and adolescents. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2015;58(1):76–92. DOI: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000084</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Takayasu H., Masumoto K., Tanaka N. et al. A clinical review of ovarian tumors in children and adolescents. Pediatr Surg Int 2020;36(6):701–9. DOI: 10.1007/s00383-020-04660-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Veneris J.T., Mahajan P., Frazier A.L. Contemporary management of ovarian germ cell tumors and remaining controversies. Gynecol Oncol 2020;158(2):467–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.05.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Lawrence A.E., Gonzalez D.O., Fallat M.E. et al. Factors associated with management of pediatric ovarian neoplasms. Pediatrics 2019;144(1):e20182537. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-2537</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Braungart S., CCLG Surgeons Collaborators, Craigie R.J. et al. Operative management of pediatric ovarian tumors and the challenge of fertility-preservation: Results from the UK CCLG Surgeons Cancer Group Nationwide Study. J Pediatr Surg 2020;55(11):2425–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.02.057</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Gadducci A., Lanfredini N., Tana R. Menstrual function and childbearing potential after fertility-sparing surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy for malignant ovarian germ cell tumours. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014;30(7):467–71. DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.907262</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Zanetta G., Bonazzi C., Cantù M. et al. Survival and reproductive function after treatment of malignant germ cell ovarian tumors. J Clin Oncol 2001;15;19(4):1015–20. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.4.1015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Tangir J., Zelterman D., Ma W., Schwartz P.E. Reproductive function after conservative surgery and chemotherapy for malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101(2):251–7. DOI: 10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02508-5</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
