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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tumors of female reproductive system</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tumors of female reproductive system</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Опухоли женской репродуктивной системы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-4098</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1999-8627</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1375</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1994-4098-2025-21-2-60-68</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAMMOLOGY. REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАММОЛОГИЯ. ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Predictors of the formation of antitumor immunity in breast cancer patients and the analysis of the results of the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Предикторы формирования противоопухолевого иммунитета у больных раком молочной железы и анализ результатов применения ингибиторов иммунных контрольных точек</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0996-5995</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sultanbaev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Султанбаев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr Valeryevich Sultanbaev</p><p>73 / 1 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa 450054</p><p>74 Gafuri St., Ufa 450076, Republic of Bashkortostan</p><p>3 Lenina St., Ufa 450008, Republic of Bashkortostan</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Валерьевич Султанбаев</p><p>Республика Башкортостан, 450054 Уфа, проспект Октября, 73 / 1</p><p>Республика Башкортостан, 450076 Уфа, ул. Гафури, 74</p><p>Республика Башкортостан, 450008 Уфа, ул. Ленина, 3</p></bio><email>rkodrb@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Clinical Oncology Dispensary, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Bashkortostan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГАУЗ «Республиканский клинический онкологический диспансер» Минздрава Республики Башкортостан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Center for Medical Genetics, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Bashkortostan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Республиканский медико-генетический центр» Минздрава Республики Башкортостан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>60</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-01"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-01"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ojrs.abvpress.ru/ojrs/article/view/1375">https://ojrs.abvpress.ru/ojrs/article/view/1375</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common forms of malignant neoplasms among women and is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. This complex and heterogeneous disease is formed depending on the presence of overexpression of various receptors on the surface of tumor cells. Despite significant advances in the therapy of early and metastatic BC, many patients continue to demonstrate disease progression against the background of traditional treatment methods, which indicates immunosuppression or a defect in the immune system.The aim of this work is to review the scientific literature on the main mechanisms of antitumor immunity in patients with BC and the prospects for the use of immunotherapy.Previously, BC was not considered a particularly immunogenic tumor, but new data show that different tumor subtypes can exhibit immunogenicity, which opens up new prospects for the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Features of the tumor immune microenvironment and the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes are becoming important markers that help predict responses to immunotherapy. The effectiveness of such approaches is demonstrated by clinical studies, where the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy has shown an improvement in the response to therapy. Such studies confirm that even in cases where there is a residual tumor after neoadjuvant treatment, the use of immunotherapy can increase survival. From the presented analysis of literature sources, it follows that BC carcinogenesis is accompanied by suppression of the antitumor activity of the immune system. Quantitative analysis of various predictors allows us to determine the effectiveness of immune drugs. Thus, given the diversity of BC subtypes and many factors affecting the effectiveness of treatment, it becomes obvious that careful patient selection and a personalized approach to immunotherapy are necessary to achieve optimal results. In the future, research in the field of biomarkers should be continued to better predict the response to immunotherapy and minimize adverse effects.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рак молочной железы (РМЖ) представляет собой одну из наиболее распространенных форм злокачественных новообразований среди женщин и является ведущей причиной онкологической летальности. Это сложное и гетерогенное заболевание формируется с гиперэкспрессией различных рецепторов на поверхности опухолевых клеток. Несмотря на значительные достижения в терапии раннего и метастатического РМЖ, у определенной группы пациентов на фоне традиционных методов лечения наблюдается прогрессирование заболевания, что указывает на иммуносупрессию или дефект иммунной системы.Цель работы – обзор данных научной литературы об основных механизмах формирования противоопухолевого иммунитета при РМЖ и перспективах применения иммунотерапии.Ранее РМЖ не считался особо иммуногенной опухолью, однако новые данные показывают, что различные подтипы опухоли отвечают на иммунотерапию, что открывает новые перспективы применения ингибиторов иммунных контрольных точек. Из вышеизложенного следует, что особенности иммунного микроокружения опухоли и наличие инфильтрирующих опухоль лимфоцитов становятся важными маркерами ответа на иммунотерапию. Для определенных морфологических подтипов РМЖ по данным клинических исследований отмечено, что использование ингибиторов контрольных точек в сочетании с химиотерапией улучшает ответ на терапию. Подобные исследования подтверждают, что применение иммунотерапии может увеличить выживаемость пациентов даже при наличии остаточной опухоли после неоадъювантного лечения. В представленном анализе источников литературы отмечено, что канцерогенез РМЖ сопровождается иммуносупрессией. При этом количественный анализ различных предикторов позволяет определить эффективность применения иммунных препаратов. Таким образом, учитывая многообразие подтипов РМЖ и множество факторов, влияющих на эффективность лечения, становится очевидным, что тщательный отбор пациентов и персонализированный подход к иммунотерапии необходимы для достижения оптимальных результатов. В дальнейшем следует продолжить исследования в области биомаркеров, чтобы лучше прогнозировать ответ опухоли на иммунотерапию.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breast cancer</kwd><kwd>tumor mutational burden</kwd><kwd>PD-1</kwd><kwd>PD-L1</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>мутационная нагрузка опухоли</kwd><kwd>PD-1</kwd><kwd>PD-L1</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Siegel R.L., Giaquinto A.N., Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2024. CA Cancer J Clin 2024;74(1):12–49. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21820. Erratum in: CA Cancer J Clin 2024;74(2):203. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21830</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Curigliano G., Burstein H.J., Gnant M. et al. 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