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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tumors of female reproductive system</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tumors of female reproductive system</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Опухоли женской репродуктивной системы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-4098</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1999-8627</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1472</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1994-4098-2026-22-1-22-34</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAMMOLOGY. ORIGINAL REPORTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАММОЛОГИЯ. ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Feasibility of preoperative verification of the sentinel lymph node in patients with breast cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Возможности верификации сигнального лимфатического узла у больных раком молочной железы на дооперационном этапе</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3757-5025</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bikeev</surname><given-names>Yuriy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бикеев</surname><given-names>Юрий Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yu_bikeev@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1540-5644</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodionova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родионова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yu_bikeev@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9666-6875</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kometova</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кометова</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yu_bikeev@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1366-7504</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kireev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киреев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yu_bikeev@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1597-1920</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sencha</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сенча</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yu_bikeev@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4589-3645</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodionov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родионов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yu_bikeev@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolyadina</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колядина</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yu_bikeev@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В. И. Кулакова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-07-04"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-07-04"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-Press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, АБВ-пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-Press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-пресс</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ojrs.abvpress.ru/ojrs/article/view/1472">https://ojrs.abvpress.ru/ojrs/article/view/1472</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Aim. </bold>To determine the diagnostic performance and assess the feasibility of verification of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) detected by contrast-enhanced ultrasound in breast cancer patients at the outpatient (preoperative) stage.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>The study included 119 patients with primary breast cancer at stages 0–IIIa (cTis–3N0–1M0). The mean age was 53.0 ± 13.3 years. SLN detection was performed using contrast-enhanced ultrasound with Sonovue (Bracco Swiss SA, Switzerland), administered intradermally in the para-areolar region in a volume of 1 ml. SLN detection was carried out on a Resona 9 diagnostic ultrasound system (Mindray, China) with a linear L14–5WU transducer. Morphological verification was performed using <italic>in vivo</italic> histological and cytological examinations. Cytological assessment was carried out using the conventional method and a liquid-based technique. Morphological evaluations were performed using a light microscope.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>The highest informative value for verification of metastatic involvement of the SLN was demonstrated by the combination of cytological and histological examination: sensitivity – 75.8 % (95 % confidence interval 58.2–88.0 %), accuracy – 92.4 % (95 % confidence interval 86.2–96.0 %), negative predictive value – 91.5 % (95 % confidence interval 84.0–95.7 %). Cytological verification using conventional and liquid-based technologies showed sensitivities of 69.7 % and 63.6 %, respectively, with an accuracy of 92.4 % in both cases. Combining cytological techniques increased sensitivity to 72.7 %, specificity to ~99 %, and positive predictive value to 96 %. Histological verification was inferior to cytology in terms of sensitivity (51.6 %) while maintaining comparable specificity. The diagnostic performance of all morphological techniques clearly depended on the size and type of metastasis: with a combined approach, sensitivity for macrometastases reached 83 %, whereas for micrometastases it decreased to 50 %. The negative predictive value of verification at the outpatient stage ranged from 85 % to 92 %.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> For preoperative verification and determination of SLN status in breast cancer patients, it is preferable to use combined biopsy approaches to obtain material for both histological and cytological examination, particularly in patients with moderate and high risk of metastasis, which increases the likelihood of detecting metastases by 10–25 %.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – определить диагностическую эффективность и оценить возможность верификации сигнального лимфатического узла (СЛУ), выявленного с применением методики ультразвукового контрастирования, у больных раком молочной железы на амбулаторном (предоперационном) этапе.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В исследование было включено 119 пациенток с первично-операбельным раком молочной железы на 0–IIIa стадиях (сTis–3N0–1M0). Средний возраст – 53,0 ± 13,3 года. Для детекции СЛУ применялась методика ультразвукового контрастирования с использованием препарата Соновью (Bracco Swiss SA, Швейцария), раствор которого вводился интрадермально, параареолярно в общем объеме 1 мл. Детекция СЛУ выполнялась на диагностической ультразвуковой системе Resona 9 (Mindray, Китайская Народная Республика) с линейным датчиком L1 4–5 WU. Морфологическая верификация проводилась при прижизненном патологоанатомическом (гистологическом) и цитологическом исследованиях. Цитологическое исследование выполнялось с использованием традиционной методики (сухая фиксация материала на стекле с последующим окрашиванием азур-эозином) и жидкостной технологии (пробоподготовка с использованием оборудования CellPrep и окрашиванием по Папаниколау). Морфологические исследования проводили на светооптическом микроскопе.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Наибольшую информативность для верификации метастатического процесса в СЛУ показала комбинация цитологического и гистологического исследований: чувствительность – 75,8 % (95 % доверительный интервал 58,2–88,0 %), точность – 92,4 % (95 % доверительный интервал 86,2–96,0 %), отрицательная прогностическая ценность – 91,5 % (95 % доверительный интервал 84,0–95,7 %). Цитологическая верификация с использованием традиционной и жидкостной технологий продемонстрировала чувствительность 69,7 и 63,6 % соответственно, точность – 92,4 %. Объединение цитологических методик повысило чувствительность до 72,7 %, специфичность составила ~99 %, положительная прогностическая ценность – 96 %. Гистологическая верификация уступала цитологическому исследованию по чувствительности (51,6 %) при сопоставимой специфичности. Диагностическая эффективность всех морфологических методов четко зависела от размера и типа метастаза: при комбинированном подходе чувствительность для макрометастазов достигала 83 %, для микрометастазов – снижалась до 50 %. Отрицательная прогностическая ценность верификации на амбулаторном этапе составила 85–92 %.</p> <p><bold>Выводы. </bold>Для предоперационной верификации и определения статуса СЛУ у больных раком молочной железы предпочтительно использовать комбинированные виды биопсии при получении материала для гистологического и цитологического исследований, особенно у пациенток с умеренным и высоким риском поражения лимфатических узлов, что повышает вероятность обнаружения метастаза на 10–25 %.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>contrast-enhanced ultrasound</kwd><kwd>sentinel lymph node</kwd><kwd>breast cancer</kwd><kwd>contrast agent</kwd><kwd>cytological examination</kwd><kwd>histological examination</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ультразвуковое исследование с контрастированием</kwd><kwd>сигнальный лимфатический узел</kwd><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковой контрастный препарат</kwd><kwd>цитологическое исследование</kwd><kwd>гистологическое исследование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shomova M.V., Kulikov E.P., Demko A.N. et al. 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