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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tumors of female reproductive system</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tumors of female reproductive system</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Опухоли женской репродуктивной системы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-4098</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1999-8627</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">455</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1994-4098-2015-11-4-25-34</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAMMOLOGY. TREATMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАММОЛОГИЯ. ЛЕЧЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The current pattern of reconstructive surgery for breast cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современная картина реконструктивной хирургии при раке молочной железы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ismagilov</surname><given-names>A. Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исмагилов</surname><given-names>А. Х.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khamitov</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хамитов</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>khamitovayrat@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vanesyan</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ванесян</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of Oncology, Radiology, and Palliative Medicine, Kazan State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кафедра онкологии, радиологии и паллиативной медицины ГБОУ ДПО «Казанская государственная медицинская академия» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">11 Mushtari St., Kazan, 420012, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Россия, 420012, Казань, ул. Муштари, 11</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Clinical Oncology Dispensary, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГАУЗ «Республиканский клинический онкологический диспансер» Минздрава Республики Татарстан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">29 Sibirsky Road, Kazan, 420029, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Россия, 420029, Казань, Сибирский тракт, 29</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2015-11-26"><day>26</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2015-11-25"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2015-11-25"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date></history><pub-history><event event-type="received"><event-desc>Received:<date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2015-11-25"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="accepted"><event-desc>Accepted:<date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2015-11-25"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="pub"><event-desc>Published:<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2015-11-26"><day>26</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date></event-desc></event></pub-history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ojrs.abvpress.ru/ojrs/article/view/455">https://ojrs.abvpress.ru/ojrs/article/view/455</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In Russia, breast cancer (BC) occupies a leading place in the pattern of cancers, the incidence of which is 20.9 %, among the female population; in 2013 there were 60,717 new cases, including women under the age of 40 years (15 %). While considering the history of the development of breast surgery from the operation performed by W. S. Halsted to its technique modified by J. L. Madden and the identification of sentinel lymph nodes, we can observe improved quality of life in patients in reference to the lower rate of the manifestation of lymphedemas. However, patients who have undergone this or that mastectomy are observed to have lower self-appraisal scores, a change in their professional sphere, irritability and apprehensiveness Thus, the decreased rate of the manifestation of lymphedema and obvious postoperative traumatization are not the only components of quality of life in patients with BC. According to the data obtained by E. Frank et al. (1978), G.P. Maguire et al. (1978), and F. Meerwein (1981), removal of the breast itself leads to a woman’s loss of femininity, attractiveness, and sexiness, which was also confirmed and reported by L. Aerts et al. (2014). In this connection, classical radical mastectomy begins to give way to organ-sparing treatment. Taking into account that psychotherapy and external prosthetics do not alleviate the above problems and that there are always women with established BC who have contraindications to organ-sparing treatment, breast reconstructive plastic operations arouse more and more interest. Reconstruction of the breast implies restoration of both its shape and contours to be maximally brought closer to its preoperative level. However, with regard to cancer alertness to breast reconstructive surgery, not only aesthetic requirements are imposed. The next step in improving quality of life in patients with BC was the emergence and development of breast-sparing mastectomies, the first point of these operations were skin-sparing radical mastectomies that were first described and performed by B. A. Tothu P. Lappert in 1991. In 1997 G. W. Carlson proposed to classify incisions for skin-sparing mastectomy successfully used to the present day. The investigation conducted by R. M. Simmons et al. (1999) indicated that skin-sparing mastectomy did not result in an increase in the incidence of local recurrences. The types of skin incisions, which were offered by G. W. Carlson in 1997 and used by R. M. Simmons in 1999, imply the preservation of the inframammary crease and a major portion of a skin graft, on the one hand, and the removal of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC), on the other hand, which in turn diminishes the final aesthetic result. B. Gerber et al. were the first to describe NAC preservation for BC. As regards the rate of local recurrences after NAC-sparing mastectomies, the vast majority of investigations performed in the past 10–15 years allude to the fact that NAC involvement is not more than 25 %. A. M. Munhoz in turn proposed a classification of incisions during NAC-saving mastectomies. In spite of all advantages of NAC-sparing mastectomies, their results are not always predictable. Main problems, such as wound healing difficulties or ischemic necrosis, are associated with the larger number of postoperative complications. Transfer of the patient’s own flaps does not always presume skin- or NAC-sparing mastectomy, as the possibility exists of preserving the skin on the most transferable flap. However, ruling out a patch symptom during subcutaneous or skin-sparing radical mastectomy considerably improves the aesthetic result of a performed operation. Taking into consideration that the incision types offered by G. W. Carlson and A. M. Munhoz depend on the site of a tumor, the surgical visibility problem is of relevance: visible postoperative scars, a difference in the skin texture, or restored NAC, all cause the women less satisfied. Thus, by achieving good results in restoring the contours, shape, volume, and symmetry of the breast, a visible postoperative scar is the only element that reveals a performed operation for BC.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В России рак молочной железы (РМЖ) занимает лидирующую позицию в структуре онкологической патологии среди женского населения с уровнем заболеваемости 20,9 %, в 2013 г. было выявлено 60 717 новых случаев, из которых 15 % составили женщинымоложе 40 лет. При рассмотрении истории развития хирургии на молочной железе от операции по W.S. Halsted до модифицированной техники по J.L. Madden и определения сторожевых лимфузлов мы можем наблюдать повышение качества жизни пациенток относительно снижения частоты проявления лимфедем. Однако у пациенток, перенесших ту или иную мастэктомию, наблюдаются снижение самооценки, изменения в профессиональной сфере, появление раздражительности и чувства страха. Таким образом, уменьшение частоты появления лимфедемы и выраженной постоперационной травматизации не единственные составляющие качества жизни у пациенток с РМЖ. По данным исследований E. Frank и соавт. (1978), G.P. Maguire и соавт. (1978) и F. Meerwein (1981), удаление самой молочной железы ведет к утрате женственности, потере привлекательности и сексуальности, что также было подтверждено и опубликовано L. Aerts и соавт. (2014). В связи с этим классическая радикальная мастэктомия начала уступать место органосохранному лечению. Принимая во внимание, что психотерапия и наружное протезирование не устраняют вышеуказанные проблемы, а также учитывая, что всегда есть женщины с установленным РМЖ, которым противопоказано органосохранное лечение, все больший интерес вызывают реконструктивно-пластические операции молочной железы. Реконструкция молочной железы подразумевает восстановление как формы, так и контуров органа, максимально приближенных к дооперационному уровню. Однако с учетом онкологической настороженности к реконструктивным операциям молочной железы предъявляются не только эстетические требования. Следующим шагом повышения качества жизни пациенток, страдающих РМЖ, стало появление и развитие сберегающих мастэктомий, первой ступенью данных операций явились кожесберегающие радикальные мастэктомии, впервые описанные и выполненные в 1991 г. B.A. Toth и P. Lappert. В 1997 г. G.W. Carlson была предложена классификация разрезов для выполнения кожесохранной мастэктомии, успешно применяемой до настоящего времени. По данным исследования R.M. Simmons и соавт. (1999), выполнение кожесберегающей мастэктомии не приводит к увеличению частоты появления местных рецидивов. Типы кожных разрезов, предложенные G.W. Carlson в 1997 г. и апробированные R.M. Simmons в 1999 г., с одной стороны, подразумевают сохранение инфрамаммарной складки и значительной части кожного лоскута, с другой – удаление сосково-ареолярного комплекса (САК), что, в свою очередь, снижает окончательный эстетический результат. В. Gerber и соавт. были первыми, кто описал сохранение САК при РМЖ. Что касается частоты местных рецидивов после САК-сберегающих мастэктомий, то подавляющее большинство исследований, проведенных в течение последних 10–15 лет, указывают на то, что вовлечение САК составляет не более 25 %. В свою очередь, A.M. Munhoz предложил классификацию разрезов при САК-сберегающих мастэктомиях. Несмотря на все преимущества САК-сберегающих мастэктомий, результат не всегда является предсказуемым. Основные проблемы связаны с увеличением количества послеоперационных осложнения, таких как проблемы заживления раны или ишемический некроз. Перемещение собственных лоскутов пациентки не всегда предполагает проведение кожесберегающей или САК-сберегающей мастэктомии, так как имеется возможность сохранения кожи на самом перемещаемом лоскуте. Однако исключение симптома «заплатки» при проведении подкожной или кожесберегающей радикальной мастэктомии значительно улучшает эстетический результат выполняемой операции. Учитывая, что типы разрезов, предложенные G.W. Carlson и А.М. Munhoz, зависят от локализации опухоли, актуальной является проблема «видимости» проведенной операции: видимые послеоперационные рубцы, разница в текстуре кожи или восстановленный САК, – все это приводит к меньшей степени удовлетворенности женщин. Таким образом, добившись высоких результатов в восстановлении контуров, формы, объема и симметричности молочной железы, единственным элементом, выдающим проведенную операцию по поводу РМЖ, остается видимый послеоперационный рубец.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breast cancer</kwd><kwd>organ-sparing surgery</kwd><kwd>plastic surgery for cancer</kwd><kwd>skin-sparing mastectomy</kwd><kwd>nipple-areolar complex</kwd><kwd>breast reconstruction</kwd><kwd>complications</kwd><kwd>incisions</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>органосохранная операция</kwd><kwd>онкопластическая операция</kwd><kwd>кожесохранная мастэктомия</kwd><kwd>сосково-ареолярный комплекс</kwd><kwd>реконструкция молочной железы</kwd><kwd>осложнения</kwd><kwd>разрезы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. 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