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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tumors of female reproductive system</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tumors of female reproductive system</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Опухоли женской репродуктивной системы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-4098</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1999-8627</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">967</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1994-4098-2022-18-2-29-39</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAMMOLOGY. ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАММОЛОГИЯ. ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Tumor immune microenvironment and apoptotic markers in breast cancer patients carrying <italic>BRCA1</italic> gene mutations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Иммунное опухолевое микроокружение и маркеры апоптоза при раке молочной железы у носительниц наследственных мутаций в гене <italic>BRCA1</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0698-7710</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stukan</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стукань</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>146 Dimitrova St., Krasnodar 350040;</p><p>4 Mitrofana Sedina St., Krasnodar 350063</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040 Краснодар, ул. Димитрова, 146;</p><p>350063 Краснодар, ул. Митрофана Седина, 4</p></bio><email>jolie86@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7127-7945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goryainova</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горяинова</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>146 Dimitrova St., Krasnodar 350040;</p><p>4 Mitrofana Sedina St., Krasnodar 350063</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040 Краснодар, ул. Димитрова, 146;</p><p>350063 Краснодар, ул. Митрофана Седина, 4</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3041-520X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chukhray</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чухрай</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>146 Dimitrova St., Krasnodar 350040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040 Краснодар, ул. Димитрова, 146</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2515-9125</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksimenko</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максименко</surname><given-names>С. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>146 Dimitrova St., Krasnodar 350040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040 Краснодар, ул. Димитрова, 146</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4529-7891</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Imyanitov</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Имянитов</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>68 Leningradskaya St., Pesochnyy Settlement, Saint Petersburg 197758;</p><p>2 Litovskaya St., Saint Petersburg 194100;</p><p>41 Kirochnaya St., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197758 Санкт-Петербург, пос. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, 68;</p><p>194100 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2;</p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8715-2992</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаров</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>146 Dimitrova St., Krasnodar 350040;</p><p>4 Mitrofana Sedina St., Krasnodar 350063</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040 Краснодар, ул. Димитрова, 146;</p><p>350063 Краснодар, ул. Митрофана Седина, 4</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7745-4631</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khachmamuk</surname><given-names>Z. K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хачмамук</surname><given-names>З. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>146 Dimitrova St., Krasnodar 350040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040 Краснодар, ул. Димитрова, 146</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinical Oncology Dispensary No. 1, Ministry of Health of Krasnodar Region</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Клинический онкологический диспансер № 1» Министерства здравоохранения Краснодарского края</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-09-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-16"><day>16</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-09-16"><day>16</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ojrs.abvpress.ru/ojrs/article/view/967">https://ojrs.abvpress.ru/ojrs/article/view/967</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>. It is suggested that defects in <italic>BRCA1 / 2</italic> genes contribute to a high mutational load and high immunogenicity, which modulates immune microenvironment. At the same time, it was shown that <italic>BRCA1 / 2</italic>-associated breast cancer tumors do not belong to the category of immunoactive ones. These tumors have low expression of immune response genes and exhibit an immunosuppressive type of microenvironment. This indicates the need of antitumor immune response modulation and maintaining of the optimal balance of tumor CD4/CD8 T-lymphocytes ratio. In addition, there is evidence of the additional evaluation of <italic>TP53</italic> mutation in these tumors and disruption of the cell death process, which can also be a factor of resistance to therapy, including PARP inhibitors, and serve as a therapeutic target.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. The prospective study included 20 patients with <italic>BRCA1</italic>-associated breast cancer. <italic>BRCA1 / 2</italic> mutations (<italic>BRCA1</italic> 185delAG, 4153delA, 5382insC, 3819delGTAAA, 3875delGTCT, 300T&gt;G, 2080delA, <italic>BRCA2</italic> 6174delT) were detected in by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical study was performed on paraffin embedded tissue blocks by an automated method on a ThermoScentific immunohistotainer using monoclonal antibodies. The expression of markers of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, markers of macrophages (CD68, CD163), apoptosis (Bcl-2, p53), cell adhesion markers (E-cadherin, β-catenin) in breast cancer in carriers of <italic>BRCA1</italic> mutations was assessed.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. High CD4/CD8 ratio, which characterizes immunosuppressive microenvironment, occurred in 75 % of cases. <italic>BRCA1</italic> 5382insC mutation is associated with high level of CD4+ TILs (p˂0.05), G<sub>2</sub> is associated with a low CD4/CD8 ratio (<italic>p</italic> = 0.039) and a high level of CD163 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.02, AUC = 0.739); T1 correlates with high levels of CD8+ TILs (<italic>p</italic> = 0.038) and high levels of CD163 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.033). High Ki-67 is associated with a lack of Bcl-2 expression (<italic>p</italic> = 0.04) and a low level of E-cadherin (<italic>p</italic> = 0.02). Negative expression of Bcl-2 occurred in 75 % of cases. High level of p53 expression has been described as the main type of expression in these tumors, suggesting a combination of TB53 and <italic>BRCA1</italic> mutations and a violation of cell death mechanism of in these tumors.</p><p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. Breast cancer tumors of patients with hereditary mutations in <italic>BRCA1 </italic>gene demonstrate immunosuppressive type of microenvironment and a violation of the cell death mechanism. The main directions of future therapy of these tumors may include tumor immune microenvironment modification and activation of cell death mechanisms. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Предполагается, что дефекты генов <italic>BRCA1 / 2</italic> способствуют повышению мутационной нагрузки и высокой иммуногенности. Однако показано, что <italic>BRCA1 / 2</italic>-ассоциированный рак молочной железы (РМЖ) не относится к категории иммуноактивных опухолей. Эти опухоли имеют низкую экспрессию генов иммунного ответа и демонстрируют иммуносупрессивный тип микроокружения, что говорит о необходимости модулирования иммунного ответа и поддержания оптимального баланса CD4/CD8‑Т-лимфоцитов в опухоли. Кроме того, есть данные о наличии мутации <italic>ТР53</italic> в этих опухолях и нарушении процесса клеточной гибели, что также может быть фактором резистентности к терапии.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – оценить характер иммунного опухолевого окружения и механизмы клеточной гибели у больных BRCA1-ассоциированным РМЖ.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. В проспективное исследование включено 20 больных <italic>ВRCA1</italic>-ассоциированным РМЖ. Мутации <italic>BRCA1 / 2</italic> (185delAG, 4153delA, 5382insC, 3819delGTAAA, 3875delGTCT, 300T&gt;G, 2080delA, <italic>BRCA2</italic> 6174delT) определены методом полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени. Иммуногистохимическое исследование выполнялось на парафиновых срезах с использованием моноклональных антител к маркерам CD4+- и CD8+-Т-лимфоцитов, макрофагов (CD68, CD163), апоптоза (Bcl-2, p53), клеточной адгезии (Е-кадгерин, β-катенин).</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Высокое соотношение CD4/CD8, характеризующее иммуносупрессивное микроокружение, встречалось в 75 % случаев. Тип мутации <italic>BRCA1</italic>5382insC связан с высоким уровнем CD4+-Т-лимфоцитов (р˂ 0,05), степень дифференцировки G<sub>2</sub> – с низким соотношением CD4/CD8 (р = 0,039) и высоким уровнем CD163 (<italic>p</italic> = 0,02, AUC = 0,739); Т1 коррелирует с высоким уровнем CD8+-Т-лимфоцитов (<italic>р</italic> = 0,038) и высоким уровнем CD163 (<italic>p</italic> = 0,033). Высокий показатель Ki-67 связан с отсутствием экспрессии Bcl-2 (<italic>р</italic> = 0,04) и низким уровнем Е-кадгерина (<italic>р</italic> = 0,02). Отрицательная экспрессия Bcl-2 встречалась в 75 % случаев. Высокий уровень экспрессии р53 описан как основной тип экспрессии в этих опухолях и позволяет предположить нарушение механизма клеточной гибели у данных пациентов.</p><p><bold>Выводы</bold>. В опухоли больных РМЖ с наследственными мутациями в гене <italic>BRCA1</italic> преобладает иммуносупрессивный тип микроокружения и выявлено нарушение механизма клеточной гибели. Основными направлениями будущей терапии этих опухолей могут выступать модификация иммунного микроокружения и активация механизмов клеточной гибели. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breast cancer</kwd><kwd>BRCA1 mutation</kwd><kwd>tumor immune microenvironment</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>BRCA1-мутация</kwd><kwd>иммунное опухолевое микроокружение</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Przybytkowski E., Davis T., Hosny A. et al. An immune-centric exploration of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutation related breast and ovarian cancers. BMC Cancer 2020;20:197. 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