According to the data available in the literature, as high as 50% of women have benign breast tumors frequently accompanied by nip- ple discharge. Nipple discharge may be serous, bloody, purulent, and colostric. The most common causes are breast abscess, injury, drugs, prolactinoma, intraductal pappiloma, ductal ectasia, intraductal cancer (not more than 10%).

American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations of Bisphosphonates administration and bone health issues in women with breast cancer.
Part 1. Recommendations on Bisphosphonates use in the treatment of patients with breast cancer.

One of the components of pathogenetic treatment of patients with breast cancer is castration. The aim of research is to investigate the significance of video assisted laparoscopic surgery on female reproductive organs in the treatment of breast cancer patients. The study is based on analysis of treatment results of 320 breast cancer patients with noncompromised menstruation and presence of steroid hor- mone receptors in tumor tissue. In comparison to surgical techniques used earlier, video assisted endoscopic surgery allows to decrease the aggressiveness of operation, accelerate the rehabilitation of patients, and lower the length of hospital stay. Radiation castration is not always effective: menstruation recovered in some patients. Besides, radiotherapy can not be recommended for patients with patho- logically transformed ovaries. Chemical castration with Zoladex or other analogous drugs is inaccessible for most patients in Russia.

Contemporary trends in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer are reviewed in the article: among them is so called targeted ther- apy. The main distinction of the targeted therapy is the maximum effect on tumor cell, at the same time minimum influence on nor- mal tissues is exerted. The author describes conservative approaches to the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer, the most effective schemes of drug therapy and basic prognostic factors affecting the choice of treatment tactics of patients with metasta- tic breast cancer. Besides, the randomized clinical trials addressing the current trends in the treatment of metatstatic breast cancer are evaluated.

We reviewed the results of treatment of 25 breast cancer patients with stages T2N1-2M0 and T3N1-2M0 tumors. After radical mastectomy all patients underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic parasternal lymph node dissection. Metastatic disease in the mediastinum was found in 10 (40%) and they were restaged from N2 to N3 disease. Postoperative complications were observed in 3 (12%) patients. There were no lethal cases among patients under study. Following 3 years after operation vertebral and lung metastases developed in 3 patients. The median sur- vival was 23,2±1,4 months. In the control group distant metastases developed in 2 of 28 patients and median survival was 16,2±1,2 months.

We reviewed the results of investigation which enrolled 69 patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Patients were divided into two groups. Conventional preoperative multi-agent chemotherapy with Cyclophosphamide, Metotrexate and 5-FU (CMF scheme) was car- ried out to patients of the first group, whereas AC scheme (Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphan) was implemented in the second group. To all participators chemotherapy was given during hyperglycemic state with serum glucose concentration of 14—15 mmol/l. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the appropriateness of therapy according to the intensity of medical pathomorphosis and level of immunologic defense.

The aim of the study is to investigate the activity of free radical processes in tumor tissue and perifocal zone according to the dif- ferent clinical variants of breast cance: synchronous, metachronous and solitary. It is established, that in all clinical types of breast cancer the free radical processes in tumor tissue are repressed, activity of superoxide dismutase in the perifocal tissue is increased, the level of vitamins A and E is decreased and the level of common sulfhydric groups is increased. The ratio of the activ- ity of catalase in tumor tissue to the activity of this enzyme in the perifocal zone is 1,0±0,2 for metachronous breast cancer and 0,5±0,04 — for solitary variant of the disease. Given the ratio of the activity of catalase in tumor tissue of solitary variant of breast cancer to the activity of this enzyme in the perifocal zone of 1,0±0,2, it is possible to predict the possibility of metachronous breast cancer development.

Analysis of data from 136 patients with verified breast cancer treated with surgery and chemoradiotherapy revealed that radiotherapy adds to overall extent of post mastectomy lymphorrhea, increases the rate of lymphatic edema and renders unfavorable influence on the rate of recovery of disordered motor function of the humeroscapular region. Conclusion which can be drawn from analysis is the appropriateness of the term «post-radiation post-mastectomy syndrome».

The research has enrolled 96 patients with rare ovarian clear cell cancer treated at N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center from 1978 to 2000. A necessity to divide patients into two groups has emerged after histopathological slide review. The first group included 71 patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). Twenty five patients with mixed malignant epithelial ovarian tumor (MMEOT) with mandatory presence of clear cell component were included into the second group. Clinical par- ticularities of clear cell ovarian cancer were studied. We performed a comparative study of clinical course of OCCC and MMEOT. Our data suggest that clear cell ovarian cancer has a number of typical clinical and biological particularities both in OCCC and MMEOT.

Phytotherapy in the treatment of the diffuse mastopathy

Medical pathogenetic correction of benign breast disorders

Taking into account the fact that the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer includes cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy, it is important to take advantage of contemporary highly effective agents. In 2003 the Regional program for optimization of ovarian cancer treatment in Cancer centers of Russia was initiated: 100 patients from 22 Cancer dispensaries received combination chemotherapy with Taxol at the dose of 175 mg/m2 as 3 hours intravenous infusion, then Carboplatin at the dose to obtain AUC=5,0 (TCb scheme). As a result of this multi-center study, the effectiveness of TCb scheme as first line chemotherapy was confirmed. The scheme can be successfully implemented in Cancer Centers.

This review of literature is devoted to rare forms of uterine cancer. Comparative characteristics of each histological type are given. Clinical-morphologic and molecular-biologic prognostic factors are analyzed in details.