Lipofilling is one of the most promising directions in reconstructive surgery in patients with breast cancer (ВС). Although, the first transplantation of autologous adipose tissue was performed in the late nineteenth century, widely used techniques associated with the introduction of liposuction (1980s years), which greatly simplified the fence autologous adipose tissue for subsequent transplantation. In clinical studies were proved efficacy and safety lipofilling for reconstruction in patients with ВС. In this paper presents the current data on the efficacy and safety of lipofilling as the primary or secondary method of reconstructive treatment of patients with ВС.

Оbjective: the main goal of the study is to evaluate the current results for the ultrasound screening of the benign breast disease and breast cancer performed in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area – Ugra. The screening covers women under 40 years old. During 2007–2012 181 428
women were undergo the breast ultrasound, among them there are 93 965 (51 %) women were screened. Approximately 10 % of screened
women were referred for further assessment. The average cancer detection rate was 0.46 per 1000 screened women. Additionally, has been proved the importance of breast ultrasound as a method for further assessment at mammographic screening among women over 40 years old.

The study of the propagation of breast cancer (BC) is important in connection with high morbidity and mortality from this disease. The study showed that incidence of BC in the urban district Syzran increased and is accompanied by a decrease in mortality from this disease. The incidence of BC has increased from 87 persons up to 106 people for 100 thousand female population from 2008 to 2012. Mortality from BC decreased from 49.8 people up to 37.4 people for 100 thousand female population from 2008 to 2012.

The article describes a role of qualitative elastography in ultrasound diagnosis small benign Doppler nonvascular lesions in patients with
hypothyroidism. In 2010–2013 the study included 319 women aged 20 to 85 years who underwent breast ultrasound (US) with qualitative elastography and mammography. Breast US with qualitative elastography usage is advisable combination for small dopplerographic avascular mass larger than 5 mm, both in patients with and without hypothyroidism. Breast US with qualitative elastography is more effective in patients without hypothyroidism than in patients with hypothyroidism.

With conventional approaches to mammography tissue examination in women over 40 years of age, mammography has been found to be less
effective for a group of younger women with negative family histories (cancer in the family) and BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation carriers.
A distinct approach to mammography tissue examination in women with a hereditary disposition, involving additional examination methods
with due regard for age, is therefore suggested.

With 2000 year of pathogenetic treatment of fibrocystic breast disease preventing cystadenocarcinoma has led to positive results. In 2000–2001 years the percentage devoted to oncological indications for surgical treatment of patients with fibrocystic disease of the breast, was less than 3 % of the total number of operated on for various diseases of the breast.

The choice of plastic surgical techniques for cancer is influenced by two factors: resection volume/baseline breast volume ratio and tumor site.
Based on these factors, the authors propose a two-level classification and an algorithm for performing the most optimal plastic operation on
the breast for its cancer.

From 122 (100 %) of women with aseptic discharge from breast milk glands in 42.6 % of the cases in history was celebrated mastitis, in 25.4 % – postpartum lactostasis. Study of the immune status of these women have found that for secernire of mammary glands is more characteristic of differentiation on the grounds of proliferation and autoimmunization (reduction of immunoglobulin classes M and G, decrease subset of T-helper (CD4) and T-uppressor (CD8) cells, immune deficiency according to the T-cell and fagocitare links), as well as on the grounds of chronic inflammatory process (a high content of Ig class A, increase subset of CD8 cells with marker of apoptosis (CD95)). Increasing of immunoglobulin class G-outside of the panel evidences of the development of the immune answer to the bacteriological or viral antigen. Moderate deficiency of phagocyte, increase of interleukin decrease subpopulations CD3, the reduction ratio of CD4/CD8 testifies to inflammatory process.

Background. The early diagnosis of ovarian cancer (OC) is an important problem in modern gynecological oncology due to significant detection rates for late-stage tumors. Intensive screening of patients from high-risk groups that include OC predisposition gene mutation carriers is indicated.

Subjects and methods. An unselected group of 202 patients with OC and two control groups of blood donors: 591 healthy females; 1197 persons (including 591 females, 606 males) were examined. Patients and healthy individuals who identified themselves as ethnic Russians and residents of the Russian Federation participated in the study. Whole peripheral blood samples were collected at the Clinical Subdivisions of the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center and at the Department of Transfusiology of the Acad. B.V. Petrovsky Russian Research Center of Surgery in 2012–2013. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. DNA was extracted using a Prep-GS-Genetics reagent kit. Real-time polymerase chain reaction genotyping assay was carried out by melting-curve analysis employing an BRCA SNP genotyping kit
(BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations) and original oligonucleotides (CHEK2, NBN, and BLM gene mutations). Thirteen population-specific mutations, including 7 (185delAG, 4153delA, 5382insC, 3819delGTAAA, 3875delGTCT, 300T>G, and 2080delA) in the BRCA1 gene, 1 (6174delT) in the BRCA2 gene, 3 (1100delC, IVS2+1G>A, and 470T>C) in the CHEK2 gene, 1 (657delACAAA) in the NBN gene, and 1 (1642C>T) in the BLM gene, were genotyped. Polymerase chain reaction was performed using a DTprime real-time detection thermal cycler.

Results and discussion. BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations were detected in 46 (22.8 %) patients with OC; the prevailing mutation in the BRCA1 gene was 5382insC (58.7 %). OC was diagnosed in 32.6 % of the patients aged 51 years or older. The rate of moderate-penetrance mutations (1100delC and IVS2+1G>A in the CHEK2 gene, 657del5 in the NBN gene, and 1642C>T in the BLM gene) was 0.5–1.0 % in the group of OC patients and 0–0.3 % in the control group of healthy women. The majority of these patients (5/6) were diagnosed with OC at age less than 50 years. The CHEK2 mutation, 470T>C, was more frequently encountered in the control group (6.6 %) than in the OC patient group (5.0 %). High rate of the CHEK2 mutation, IVS2+1G>A, was first shown for OC patients in the Russian Federation, the odds ratio was 11.9 (95 % confidence interval, 9.5–14.3; p = 0.056). It was preliminarily concluded that it played an important role in the development of OC in the Russian population; our findings should be verified in further investigations. The difference in the rate of mutations, such as 1100delC, IVS2+1G>A and 470T>C in the CHEK2 gene, 657del5 in the NBN gene, 1642C>T in the BLM gene, were insignificant in the patient and control groups, which may be related to the low population rate of these genetic markers and, in case of the CHEK2 mutation, 470T>C, may be linked to its low penetrance. By taking into account the fact that numerous studies have proven the clinical significance of all examined moderate-penetrance mutations whose prevalence in the Russian population has been confirmed by the authors of this paper, the inclusion of the mutations in a diagnostic panel to detect hereditary predisposition to OC is substantiated. The associated risks are higher for the rare mutations leading to the formation of truncated nonfunctional proteins, which are 1100delC and IVS2+1G>A in the CHEK2 gene, 657del5 in the NBN gene, and 1642C>T in the BLM gene. The penetrance of the CHEK2 mutation, 470T>C, is lower, which should be kept in mind during medical genetic counselling.

Conclusion. The total rate of mutations in the BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, NBN, and BLM genes in patients with OC was 30.7 %, which determines the expediency of molecular genetic screening in this category of patients.

The Outpatient Ultrasound Diagnosis Group, Research Consulting Department, N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, studied the results of an examination in 93 patients with the verified diagnosis of cancer of the cervix uteri (CCU). To specify the extent of a tumor process, a comprehensive ultrasound examination was made in all the patients with verified CCU during their first visit. Our findings were statistically processed. According to our findings, ultrasound computed tomography is a highly informative method to diagnose retroperitoneal lymph node (LN) metastases, which defines the shape, sizes, structure, location, and number of metastatic LNs. Iliac LNs with reactive changes were detected in 24.7 % of CCU cases. No ultrasound signs of iliac LN metastatic involvement were found in 4.3 % of cases in the presence of CCU micrometastases. The number of metastatic regional LNs was validly proven to increase with larger tumor sizes. The threshold values of cervical
tumors were determined, which may presume the presence or absence of iliac LN metastases to have a rather high sensitivity and specificity. The risk of LN metastatic involvement was validly proven to be 4.1-fold higher with greater two or more threshold values of a cervical tumor.

The breasts have been assessed in women with pre-invasive diseases of the cervix uteri in the presence of human papillomavirus infection. The
paper describes a comprehensive approach to treating benign breast diseases and pre-invasive cervical ones with the multitargeted agent
Promisan that is able to improve the breasts and cervix uteri.

The review highlights current approaches to adoptive immunotherapy in patients with malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive system.
In spite of the obvious advances made by scientists of the world in treating malignant neoplasms, the existing treatment options remain insufficiently effective. To search for novel highly effective and safe treatments is an urgent problem of oncology. Adoptive immunotherapy is one of the priorities in this regard.

Trophoblastic disease encompasses a group of trophoblast abnormalities always associated with pregnancy. The urgency of studying the problemof the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology is clear because of the young age of patients, the high efficiency of treatment for malignant forms of the disease even in distant metastases and the possibility of their complete cure in 98 % of the patients with preserved reproductive function. The keystone of success is the correct and timely diagnosis of the disease and current highly effective treatment in the specialized clinic having all diagnostic facilities and successful experience in treating these patients. Clinicians» knowledge of the problem allows the avoidance of frequent errors both in the diagnosis and choice of treatment policy for patients with malignant trophoblastic tumors that may be fatal for some patients. The paper illustrates theoretical aspects with the results of treatment in patients at the N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center that is an expert in the diagnosis and treatment of trophoblastic tumors in Russia. The paper deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of trophoblastic disease.