The paper deals with the prevention of bone metastases in patients with breast cancer (BC). The drugs from a group of bisphosphonates are ascertained to play an important role in combination therapy for bone metastases. Bonefos (clodronate) is one of these agents used in BC patients for prophylaxis.

The diffuse benign breast disease mastopathy is most common in reproductive-aged women. According to the World Health Organization, mastopathy is defined as a fibrocystic disease (FCD) characterized by a broad spectrum of proliferative and regressive changes in breast tissues. The prevalence of this disease varies from 30 to 40%. The magnitude of clinical manifestations is highly diverse varying from slight premenstrual tension to the acute pain syndrome accompanied by the higher volume and density of the gland with the formation of nodular proliferations and cysts. In most cases, the present women regard mastopathy as a handicap in daily life and try to resort to sparing therapy options, such as homeopathy or phytotherapy. The phytotherapeutic preparation Mastodinon is one of these pathogenetic effective drugs to treat premenstrual syndrome and FCD. The major active principle is Agnus castus (leban, chaste tree). The clinical efficacy of mastodinon may be judged from the results of a large number of the studies given in this paper.

Angiogenesis plays a large role in the development and spread of a number of tumors particularly in the presence of female reproductive system neoplasms. The high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was found in both the primary tumor and metasta- ses and ascitic fluid in ovarian cancer (OC). Thus, the use of VEGF blockers may be effective in the treatment of OC. The most studied drug used to treat this nosological entity is bevacizumab, the high efficacy of which has been confirmed even when used as monotherapy in the patients who have received treatment many times.

Anemia in female patients with solid neoplasms is corrected to normalize hemoglobin levels, to increase quality of life, and to improve antitumor therapy tolerance. The clinical application of recombinant human erythropoietin preparations has become an important treat- ment step that permits multiple hemotransfusions to be avoided. Epostim is effective and safe in increasing hemoglobin and packed cell volume and in overcoming the additive toxicity of chemo- and radiotherapy.

The study used the records of clinical observations of 145 patients with locally advanced T3–Т4N0M0 breast cancer (BC) who were treated at the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, in 1998 to 2003. Based on the examined combination of prognostic factors, the authors identified the criteria that had the greatest impact on the prognosis of primary T3–Т4N0M0 BC, which must the standard for its determination in this category of patients.

Brodie’s tumors are comparatively rare in oncological care and difficult-to-diagnose masses with an unpredictable course, predilection for recurrences, and a high probability of malignization. These tumors have a two-component structure with the predominant develop- ment of a connective tissue component that is absolute in sarcomas and, in a group of fibroepithelial tumors, combines with the parallel development of epithelial tissue.
The etiology of Brodie’s tumor is unclear, so is its pathogenesis. Molecular genetic studies have shown that the carriers of germ line missence-mutation R1699W in the BRCA1 gene have an increased risk of developing malignant Brodie’s tumor, but allele losses at the D22S264 locus of the TP5 gene determine the progression of the disease. Deletion of the short-arm of chromosome 1 (1p) and allelic imbalance are associated with the more aggressive course and recurrences of Brodie’s tumor.
A complex clinicomorphological and molecular genetic study will help answer some questions concerning the diagnosis and treatment of Brodie’s tumors.

Chemoprophylaxis involving the use of pharmacological or natural agents to prevent cancer is a promising line for the secondary preven- tion of breast cancer.
Positive results as clinical improvement and attenuated breast epithelial dysplasia were obtained while treating with combined oral con- traceptives in 33.3–90%, with gestagens in 87-90%, with estrogens in 87–92%, with androgens in 64–89%, and with antiestrogens in 82–92% of women with benign dyshormonal diseases.

A procedure for drainage-free radical mastectomy is proposed, which can significantly reduce not only the incidence of postoperative lymphorrhea (from 10 to 4.2%), but also its average duration (from 9 to 4 days). No postoperative wound complications accelerate healing and accordingly decrease the length of bed rest. This determines the economic benefits of the proposed procedure and makes it possible to continue combined or complex treatment.

Retrospective analysis of the early and long-term results of surgical treatment in patients with central and medial breast cancer (BC) has revealed that reparative plastic surgery does not make the course of the tumor process worse after radical operations in combination with video-assisted thoracoscopic parasternal lymphatic dissection, and the latter does not in turn yield worse immediate and long-term results of surgical treatment in combination with one-stage repair.

The study is based on the analysis of comprehensive ultrasound examinations of 158 patients with a verified diagnosis of endometrial cancer (EC). It was conducted, by taking into account the concept of 3 types of microinvasive EC growth. Echosemiotics in each of these types is detailed. Ultrasound criteria for diagnosing the microinvasive process of EC, tumor invasion into the cervical canal are identified.

Early diagnosis of recurrent ovarian granulose cell tumors (OGCT) remains an urgent problem of modern oncogynecology. Inhibin B is one of the most potentially important markers of OGCT. Nevertheless, in the world there are today only single studies evaluating the clinical value of inhibin B. The paper presents serum inhibin B measurements in patients with recurrent OGCT. The findings suggest that inhibin B has a high (80-100%) diagnostic sensitivity and 100% specificity.

To define tumor markers is presently the most interesting and promising direction for the diagnosis of malignancies. The expression of the major angiogenesis factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in primary tumor tissue was studied in ovarian cancer (OC) patients to define the prognostic value of the marker.
The study enrolled 48 patients with OC. The immunohistochemical technique was used to examine VEGF expression in the primary tu- mor tissue. The frequency of VEGF expression, which was associated with lower relapse-free survival rates, was found to be high (85.4%) in OC patients (p > 0.05).
The tumor expression of the angiogenic factor VEGF was shown to provide prognostic information in early-stage ovarian epithelial cancer.

The paper considers the incidence and prevalence of renal syndromes in patients with reproductive system malignancies before specific treatment. The most common renal syndromes have been found to be nephrotic and isolated urinary syndromes, edema nephrotic syndrome with arterial hypertension, and acute and chronic renal failure.

The paper describes a case of the rare malignancy at the extremely rare retroperitoneal site with a unique variant of its continuous growth into the vagina and with tumor nodular prolapse outside the vulvar cleft. The review of literature covers the present views of retroperito- neal malignant fibrous histiocytoma.

The paper describes a case of mixed (clear cell and endometrioid) peritoneal adenocarcinoma developing in a patient 12 years after surgical treatment for genital endometriosis.

The review describes the etiology and clinical features of ovarian sarcomas and current approaches applied to their diagnosis and treatment.

The paper presents data on the clinical and morphological characteristics, clinical presentation, and treatment of clear cell carcinoma, as well as survival rates in patients with this condition. It shows an association of the expression of the intercellular adhesion molecules E-cadhedrin, α- and β-catenins, the molecule of Her-2/neu with the clinical and morphological pattern of the disease, which has been determined by an immunohisto- chemical assay.

Surgical treatment may be of poor quality due to the fact that an anesthesiologist is unaware of the possible scope of surgery and a surgeon is unaware of different modes of analgesia. To improve the interaction of surgical teammates, the authors describe some rules to prepare patients for surgery, anesthesia options, and the principles of good postoperative analgesia.

The viral nature of many female genital cancers is now beyond question; however, the role of viral infection in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC) has not been adequately investigated. The paper defines the importance of a number of viruses in the etiopathogenesis of on- cogynecological diseases. It presents the results of examining 60 patients with Stages I-IV BC and 30 patients with fibrocystic mastopathy, in whom the presence of DNA-containing virus genomes in tumor tissue was compared, and the data of polymerase chain reaction study of genital tract smears. It is shown that human papillomaviruses and cytomegaloviruses do not play a fundamental role in the develop- ment of BC; there is no valid evidence for Epstein–Barr virus.