Background. The development and improvement of reconstructive breast surgery provides medical, psychological and social rehabilitation of cancer patients, allowing them to achieve the best cosmetic and functional results. The trend towards the return of prepectoral reconstruction is associated not only with the improvement of mastectomy techniques, but also with implant coating and the emergence of highly cohesive silicone gel filling of implants. The use of polyurethane-coated endoprostheses in prepectoral reconstruction provides more reliable fixation to the surrounding tissues and allows reconstruction of the mammary glands without additional covering of the endoprosthesis.

Objective: to improve the results of surgical treatment when performing a one-stage reconstruction by pre-rectal placement of polyurethanecoated implants in breast cancer. Materials and methods. In the period from April 2017 to September 2020 at the Department of Oncology and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery of the Breast and Skin of P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute performed 340 prepectoral breast reconstructions (direct-toimplant) using polyurethane-coated implants in breast cancer patients. A group of patients was analyzed (n = 208).

Results. We noted the following complications: prolonged seroma (more than 30 days) in 39 (18.6 %) patients, red breast syndrome in 31 (14.8 %) patients, capsular contracture III–IV degree by J.L. Baker in 43 (20.57 %) patients, protrusion/extrusion of the endoprosthesis in 23 (11 %) patients, suture divergence in 8 (3.8 %) patients, necrosis in 8 (3.8 %) patients, infectious complications in 14 (6.7 %) patients, ripping in 10 (4.8 %) patients. Also, 2 (0.95 %) patients had a violation of the integrity of the endoprosthesis, and 2 (0.95 %) patients had rotation of the endoprosthesis. 

Conclusions. Prepectoral breast reconstruction can be used as an alternative to subpectoral reconstruction in primary operable forms of breast cancer with sufficient thickness of integumentary tissues.

Objective: to study the radiological and sonographic features of microcarcinomas of various biological subtypes.

Materials and methods. The analysis included 59 patients (median age – 55 years) with invasive breast cancer (BC) pT1a–bN0M0 stages at the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center. The frequency of distribution of luminal A, luminal B HER2 negative, HER2 positive (HER2+) and triple negative subtypes of BC was 39 %, 23.7 %, 23.7 % and 6.8 %, respectively. The analysis of key radiological characteristics and sonographic features of microcarcinomas with different biological structures associated with the diagnosis according to the BI-RADS criteria was carried out.

Results. Tumors with luminal A and B subtypes had the most characteristic of malignancy (presence of a node ± microcalcinates), which allowed us to establish the category of BI-RADS 4–5 in mammography (MMG) in 82 % and 88.9 % of patients, respectively. Triple negative cancer is characterized by the presence of a node without microcalcifications; the BI-RADS 4–5 category is exposed in 75 % of cases. Maximum of the difficulties noted in the diagnosis of HER2+ subtype: 4 type density BC (18.2 % of cases), absence of tumor site during surgery in 57.1 % of cases and atypical characteristics of the node (16.7 %) and iso/hypodense structure node (33.4 %) resulted in high frequency of false-negative results in MMG (BI-RADS 0–3 35.7 %), p = 0.049. In addition, HER2+ early BC has proven to be the most difficult subtype for sonographic diagnosis too. The absence of a tumor node in sonography in 14.2 % of cases, as well as its atypical characteristics (iso/hyper echogenicity in 16.7 % of cases and the absence of an acoustic shadow in 18.2 % of patients) led to a high frequency of BI-RADS 0 (21.4 %), which required further examination of these patients.

Conclusions. HER2+ early BC was the most difficult biological subtype for MMG and sonographic diagnostics

One of the main priorities in modern oncology is the identification and clinical application of biomarkers that can be helpful in the diagnostics and prognostication of cancer. The aim of this article was to review biomarkers for early diagnosis and prediction of prognosis of breast cancer. There were reviewed three main groups of biomarkers in this article: familial breast cancer biomarkers with high and low penetration (BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, etc.), biomarkers of breast cancer molecular subtypes (luminal A and luminal B, HER2/neu, basal and low in claudine) and biomarkers of early stage breast cancer progression (multigenic panels).

Background. Currently, there are several forms of breast cancer (BC): nodular, diffuse, edematous-infiltrative, mastitis-like form, as well
as Paget’s cancer. A special form of BC is the hidden or occult form. Taking into account the analysis of methods for the diagnosis and treatment of occult BC, it is important that this form of the disease is detected at a later stage. It includes axillary lymphadenopathy and histologically appears to be a metastatic lesion of the lymph nodes from undetectable invasive BC.

Materials and methods. We conducted a thorough analysis of domestic and foreign literature and described two clinical examples with authentic documentation of the results of the examination and treatment. The article describes in detail the schemes of drug treatment and descriptions of the results of morphological examination of the surgical material.

Results. Given the complexity of the diagnostic stage, the clinical form of the course of diseases, the described clinical examples can be attributed specifically to the occult form of BC. An important and determining factor in treatment is the diagnostic stage using all possible methods, including positron emission tomography–computed tomography, breast magnetic resonance imaging and trepan-biopsy of regional lymph nodes, followed by the determination of the molecular biological subtype of the tumor.

Conclusions. In this article, the presented data confirm the general statement about the uniqueness of this disease, which requires a more detailed and multidisciplinary approach at the stage of diagnosis and determination of treatment tactics.

Background. Currently, there are no reliable markers for the prognosis of the low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) of the cervical epithelium. Scientific literature provides with inconsistent recommendations regarding the management of the young patients with a cytological diagnosis of LSIL. The progression of cervical dysplasia and the development of cervical cancer are associated with characteristic alterations of the microRNA expression profile.

Objective: to assess the prognostic value of microRNA in LSIL. Materials and methods. Samples (cytological smears) obtained from patients diagnosed with LSIL (n = 36), but with a different course of the disease over the next 6–12 months. Analysis of miRNA expression was carried out by the method of “two-tailed” reverse transcription and subsequent PCR.

Results. The expression level of miR-126, miR-21, miR-1246, miR-182 was statistically significantly different in the compared groups, but the predictive value of the analysis of individual molecules was low (AUC <0.65). Calculation of the concentration ratios of the “reciprocal” pairs of microRNAs made it possible to obtain a more effective prognostic marker. ROC analysis of such ratios (miR-126/miR-182, miR-21/miR-182, miR-1246/miR-182) yielded AUC values: 0.82–0.89, sensitivity: 0.71–0.92; specificity: 0.86.

Conclusions. Analysis of a panel of microRNA marker molecules in the material of the cervical epithelium and calculation of the concentration ratios of “reciprocal” pairs is a promising method for prognosis of LSIL course. 

Background. When planning preventive measures and providing specialized care, it is important to take into account the epidemiology
of malignant neoplasms.

Objective: to analyze the incidence of cervical cancer in 10 territories of the Siberian Federal District.

Materials and methods. Based on the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, the incidence of cervical cancer and the quality of cancer care were analyzed in 10 cancer centers for the years 2005–2019. Results. During the study period, an increase in the incidence of cervical cancer was observed in the Siberian Federal District. The maximum increase in the incidence rate was observed in most territories of the Tyva Republic (102.3 %). The decrease in the incidence rate was recorded in the Altai Republic (–15.4 %) and Tomsk Oblast (–14.3 %). The age-specific incidence rates were stable in patients aged 65 years and older, and a 1.4-fold increase was observed in women of the reproductive age (20–44 years). The highest incidence rates were observed in the age groups 35–39 years (37.8 %) and 40–44 years (42.0 %). The improvement in the rates of quality of cancer care indicated the high proportion of morphologically verified cancers, early cancer detection and high proportion of patients who were followed up for 5 years or more. The rates of late-stage cervical cancer and one-year mortality remain high.

Conclusions. From 2004 to 2019, an increase in the incidence of cervical cancer was observed in the female population of the Siberian Federal District. The highest risk of cervical cancer was observed in women of the reproductive age (20–44 years). It is necessary to develop and organize anti-cancer measures to improve cancer care

Tumors of the female reproductive system are among the five most common cancers in women worldwide. Up to 60 % of these patients require chemotherapy to reduce the risk of recurrence. Currently, an additional treatment option is available for patients with advanced cancers of the female reproductive system, namely vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor bevacizumab. To assess the efficacy and safety of Avegra®, Russian generic of bevacizumab, we summarized the experience of 5 specialized healthcare institutions that used it for the treatment of 178 patients with tumors of the female reproductive system. The analysis of side effects in 1,074 treatment cycles demonstrated that Avegra® had a good safety profile. Clinical effects of Avegra® were similar to those of the original drug.

The important role of human papillomavirus (HPV) of high carcinogenic risk in the emergence and development of cervical cancer is undeniable. Approximately 90 % of cases of verified cervical cancer are HPV positive. The level of infection with this virus exceeds that of gonococci, chlamydia and yeast infections. Currently, one of the most discussed issues is the possibility of the association of HPV with the risk of developing malignant neoplasms when localized in organs that are anatomically close to the cervix. One of these localizations is the body of the uterus. It is known that endometrial cancer is based on its pronounced hormone dependence. Nevertheless, many factors are involved in the carcinogenesis of endometrial neoplasms, including genetic and epigenetic disorders, as well as risk factors, which include alimentary, hormonal, hereditary causes. At the same time, a controversial issue is the involvement of HPV in the development of this type of cancer. The data on the presence of HPV in endometrial cancer are extremely contradictory: the researchers claim both the complete absence of the effect of the virus on the development of this type of cancer, and the detection of HPV in 60–80 % of cases of tumors. In this regard, it becomes necessary to systematize the currently available research results on this issue and to conduct a meta-analysis of the association of HPV infection with the risk of endometrial cancer.