The paper considers the notion of fibrocystic mastopathy and describes its major clinical, morphological, and X-ray manifestations. It re- flects the specific features of the treatment of diffuse fibrocystic mastopathy and presents the most effective drugs used in the therapy of this disease.

The paper describes the diffuse forms of mastopathy and considers its symptoms and pathogenesis. It evaluates the efficacy of progestogel in the treatment of diffuse forms of mastopathy.

Results of studying of 110 women on various stages of follow-up care after radical surgery for breast cancer are stated in this article. Border- line mental disorders are diagnosed for 68.18 % of patients, prenosological mental disorders — for the others. Interrelations between clinical factors, individually-personal features and parameters of quality of a life and social adaptation are ascertained. The reduction of psycho- pathological semiology and improvement of subjective parameters of patients’ quality of life in the course of individually selected psycho- therapy is marked.

In recent years, it has been demonstrated that breast cancer arising in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers differs in its morphological, immuno- phenotypic and molecular characteristics from sporadic breast cancer. In addition to improving our understanding of the biology of hereditary breast cancer, the recognition of these differences could also be used to predict BRCA mutation status in a given group of patients.

The paper considers the possible causes of serous nipple discharge. The study enrolled 62 patients aged 35 to 60 years who visited a physician for serous nipple discharge after long-term ineffective treatment with various drugs. The blood level of placental lactogen and the uterus as a possible cause of its nonpregnancy appearance were studied in all the examined.

During last years one should note an unstoppable increase of the breast cancer incidence among patients of reproductive age. A group of pa- tients of young age with the breast cancer whose disease is associated with the BRCA1/2 genes is of particular scientific interest. However, until now no single opinion on survival results in the given group of oncological patients has been evolved yet. In this article, preliminary data on general and non-recurrence survival of patients of the reproductive age are given, depending on BRCA1 gene status.

The authors assert that active sanitary-educational work, increase of women’s knowledge about oncological diseases, propagation of healthy way of life, working out and introduction of screening programs, and also revealing of risk factors with formation of groups of risk, will allow to reveal and spend in due time adequate treatment of diseases, having changed thereby an epidemiological situation in Tajikistan towards decrease in disease and death rate of women from malignant tumors of the organs of reproductive system.

The main aim of this study is to evaluate the results of vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) of the breast as a method for further assessment within breast cancer screening program. In State Clinical Hospital 39 women have been undergo VAB after screening mammography during 15 months (2009–2010 years). 5 (13 %) breast cancer cases were detected. Also with VAB were detected 34 patients with local benign changes of the breast, therefore they avoided surgical open biopsy. The using of VAB as a method for further assessment within screening can increase the rate of screen-detected breast cancers at early stage and decrease the number of open surgery biopsy of the breast.

The paper considers main surgical interventions used to treat breast cancer. It defines the role and place of conservative surgery and describes current procedures for the organ-saving treatment of cancer at this site.

The paper considers the main approaches used in the adjuvant treatment of patients with early breast cancer. The most effective combina- tions of chemical endorinotherapy and molecular-oriented therapy have been determined for different phenotypes of a tumor, by analyzing the results of multicenter randomized studies.

The paper considers procedures for reconstructive plastic operations, by using silicone implants, in patients with breast cancer. It analyzes 592 primary breast repairs and evaluates their aesthetic effects and complications. The surgical procedures are described.

The methylation status of the tumor suppressor genes RASSF1A, RARβ2, and SEMA3B was studied in the samples of cancer and its histologically normal tissue of the breast and ovaries. The high rate of abnormal methylation of the CpG islet in the RASSF1A, RARβ2, and SEMA3B genes was found in the tumors of the breast (78% (32/41), 46% (26/56), and 35% (22/65), respectively) and ovaries 73% (33/45), 30% (15/50), and 50% (25/51). Hypermethylation in the CpG islets belonging to the RASSF1A and RARβ2 genes was first ascertained in 90% of the patients with polyneoplasms involving the breast and ovaries. Abnormal methylation of the promotor region of the RASSF1A gene was shown to be detectable in preclinical-stage and anaplasia-degree breast and ovarian cancer. There was a correlation of the rate of methylation in the promoter regions of the RARβ2 and SEMA3B genes with clinical-stage and anaplasia-degree breast and ovarian cancer. Analysis of gene methylation in biological fluids provides considerable opportunity to use methylation of DNA as a marker in clinical practice.

The paper presents the results of an analysis of therapeutic pathomorphosis after rentgenoendovaskular interventions in patients with cervical cancer. Found more significant changes after chemoembolization with low (10%) 3rd class pathomorphosis dominated by downward 2 nd degree. Index of effect indicates more effective therapy with chemoembolization than embolization. The morphological changes in cervi- cal tissue squamous cell cancer after rentgenoendovaskular treatment are followed by circulatory parenchyma tumor destruction. Changes of tumor cells are qualitatively consistent character and were based in nekrobiosis dystrophy with subsequent necrosis of tumor tissue, and varying degrees of popularity.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a current radionuclide imaging technique that can supplement a diagnostic process with information on physiological and metabolic disorders in the foci of injury and specify the characteristics of a tumor process. The paper analyzes publications on the use of PET with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in different clinical situations in the presence of ovarian cancer for both the identification of early-stage disease, the differential diagnosis of ovarian masses and the timely detection of recurrences, follow-up during and after combination treatment. The authors’ opinions that the technique is restricted, which yields false-positive and false-negative results, are given.

Twenty-five patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) and 90 patients with Stages I-II endometrial cancer (EC) were followed up. The patients’ mean age was 44.3±2.1 years. A control group consisted of 20 healthy women matched for age. Before treatment, the authors determined the blood levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol by radiometric assay and the content of daily excreted cortisol, cortisone, tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, 11-hydroxy-17-ketosteroids, estrone, estradiol, and pregnanediol by the conventional classical studies.
The nature of the impaired synthesis and metabolism of sex and adrenocorticoid hormones and their degree have been found to coincide, which suggest that it is expedient to use these findings to form EC risk groups in patients with AEH in the late reproductive period.

Peculiar properties of balance of sexual steroids prior to medical treatment are studied on 87 patients sick of uterus cancer. The first group consists of 32 women younger than 35 years, the second — of 55 patients aged 38–45 years. Along with decrease of excretion of the absolute level of estrogens, progestins, and androgens in both groups, in the first group the balance deviations of estrogen fractions towards prevalence of the sum of estron and estradiol over estriol are revealed. In the second group (38–45 years) estriol is dominating in the ratio of estrogenic fractions. In both groups the quantity of pregnandiol is reduced along with shift of balance estradiol / pregnandiol towards estradiol.

Complex measurements of tumor markers help to improve the diagnosis of multiple primary neoplasms (MPN) significantly. For breast- ovarian MPN CA-125 was increased in 92.6 % and CA-153 — in 81.6 %. In patients with ovarian-colorectal MPN CA-125 was increased in 79.0 % and carcinoembryonic antigen — in 90.0 %.

Adenosquamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is a rare form of cancer of the cervix. Because of the small number of observations adenosquamous cell carcinoma of the cervix remains poorly understood disease, although the first mention of it dates back to 1956, when A. Glucksmann, and C.D. Cherry first described of mixed carcinoma (adenoacanthoma) of the uterine cervix.

The review presents data on the efficacy of topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer when compared with other chemotherapeutic agents. It is shown that topotecan may be the drug of choice for platinum-resistant relapse. To reduce the hemato- logic toxicity is recommended weekly injection of 4 mg/m2 in 1, 8, 15 days of a 28-day cycle of therapy, as its effectiveness is comparable to the effectiveness of the standard 5-day regime.

Fixation of the preserved ovaries to uterine round ligament allow to retain ovarian function, not only during postoperative radiotherapy of stage Ib cervical cancer due to their transposition, but also after completing pelvic radiation because of preserved ovarian blood vessels in physiological place. This method prevents surgical and radiologic castration.

The paper presents a case of borderline papillary serous cystadenoma in a 34-year-old female patient, by describing the magnetic resonance image of borderline ovarian tumors in detail and reviewing the data available in the literature on the specific features of their imaging and diagnosis.