The expression of СOX-2, VEGF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, EGFR, endoglin (СD105), and IL-6 was analyzed in the human breast tumor cells having a varying metastatic potential. The role of these factors in the regulation of the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells, as well as that of COX-2 in the regulation of metastatic processes at the cellular level were examined. The potential capacity of human breast tumor cells to elaborate factors that stimulate tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis was evaluated.

The paper describes 2 cases of primary or metastatic leiomyosarcoma of the breast. The patient with primary leiomyosarcoma underwent surgical treatment as radical mastectomy in 2011; two years later, there was disease progression with metastases to the lung, bone, stomach; the performed treatment was ineffective; the patient died from disease progression. In the other patient, the breast became one of the metasta- sis-involved organs during process generalization. This pathology is rare and little studied and presented as clinical cases in the literature.

The paper gives the current clinical guidelines for all treatments for primary breast cancer, which were developed by the expert groups of the Society of Cancer Chemotherapists (RUSSCO) and presented at the International Conference on Breast Cancer on 22–24 January 2014. The present guidelines are based on the principles of evidence-based medicine and may serve as a practical guide for oncologists.

The paper outlines the current standards for the drug treatment of metastatic breast cancer, which were developed by the expert groups of the Society of Cancer Chemotherapists (RUSSCO) and presented at the International Conference on Breast Cancer on 22–24 Janu- ary 2014. The present guidelines are based on the principles of evidence-based medicine and may serve as a practical guide for on- cologists.

In breast cancer, bone metastases are detectable in more than 60 % of patients. Bone metastasis-related complications (BMRCs), such as chronic pain, immobilization, and pelvic dysfunctions due to spinal cord compression, considerably worsen quality of life in patients. Intra- venous formulations of bisphosphonates (zoledronic acid, pamidronate, ibondronate, and clodronate) could reduce the risk of BMRCs by 16-40 % and increase time to the first skeletal complication up to 12–13 months. However, despite the explicit clinical efficacy of bisphospho- nates, the latter can seemingly prevent only some BMRCs. Denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody to RANKL, suppresses the forma- tion and functional activity of osteoclasts, thus inhibiting bone resorption.
The results of a registration study have indicated that denosumab is not only as effective as zoledronic acid, but also can reduce the risk of BMRCs and significantly delay time to the first and further skeletal complications, including the need for radiotherapy, the development of hypercalcemia and pathological fractures. Denosumab is an effective, well-tolerated drug that can increase a chance of preventing BMRCs in breast cancer.

Breast cancer (BC) dominates in the structure of cancer morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Despite the advances made in the treatment of this pathology, there is still a variety of unsolved problems, including those associated with disease progression after radical sur- gical interventions. One of the urgent current tasks is to estimate the adequate volume of adjuvant treatment with regard to the biological features of a tumor. Our investigation comparatively analyzed the efficiency of two adjuvant chemotherapy regimens (AT and FAC) in patients with primary operable BC in relation to the immunohistochemical tumor subtype (luminal B, luminal HER, HER-2-positive and triple- negative) and the extent of the disease (N0, N1 and N2–3).

Detection of regional lymph nodes involvement is an extremely important step in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. As with axillary lymph node metastases, parasternal lymph nodes metastases are an important prognostic factor. 1125 patients with breast cancer were under- went to thoracoscopicinternal mammary lymphadenectomy. Metastases were found in 204 of 1125 cases (18,3 %), representing 33,9 % of all cases of regional metastases (n = 601). Median overall survival in patients with internal mammary lymph nodes metastases who received radiation therapy and appropriate systemic treatment was 7,8 years, which is contrary to the earlier experience and is consistent with the results of the last years publications. We believe this excellent result is due to irradiation of the internal mammary nodes, and we believe that the thoracoscopic internal mammary lymphadenectomy should be a part of the diagnostic process in patients with breast cancer.

The authors give the results of treatment in 128 patients with operable triple-negative breast cancer (BC). All the patients underwent surgical intervention, the volume of which depended on the stage of the disease. The efficiency of adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, as well as pre- and postoperative radiotherapy was evaluated. The side effects of different treatment options were analyzed. Five-year relapse-free and overall survival rates were traced in this patient group. It is concluded that the used procedures of combination treatment for operable triple- negative BC are highly effective.

Triple negative breast cancer phenotype characterized by a more aggressive than other molecular types of tumor. In addition to non-modifiable clinical and pathological factors of aggressiveness of triple negative breast cancer is caused by potentially modifiable lifestyle (obesity, alcohol consumption, hypodynamia etc.). In this study we investigated the relationship between body mass index at diagnosis, clinical and morphological outcome predictors, and the impact of obesity on overall and disease-free survival of patients with triple negative breast cancer.

The differential diagnosis of simple endometrial hyperplasia (SEH), complex endometrial hyperplasia (CEH), atypical endometrial hyper- plasia (AEH), and endometrial cancer (EC) is associated with a number of difficulties, frequently giving rise to different interpretations of the same histology specimens.
Objective: to assess the possibilities of computed morphometry in endometrial hyperplasia.
Subjects and methods. The investigation included 35 patients, including 12 with SEH, 11 with CEH, 7 with AEH, and 5 with EC. Endome- trial computed morphometry was performed using the ImageScope Color.
Conclusion. The morphometric changes in endometrial hyperplasia, which are expressed in quantitative indicators, are much more diverse than their schematic image in the current classification, which may be a reason for a difference between the diagnoses.

Uterine perforation (UP) is the most common intraoperative complication during both diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy. According to the data obtained by different authors, the rate of UP ranges from 0,13 to 0,76 %. UP undetected timely during diagnostic or operative hysteros- copy is a special hazard: a physician, generally a novice physician, sometimes assesses inadequately the risk of surgical intervention and therefore overlooks UP, by continuing the performance of an already complicated operation, thus aggravating the severity of its consequences.

The results of surgical treatment in 132 patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia have been studied. Post-operative diagnosis was: en- dometrial cancer – in 19 %, atypical hyperplasia – in 35 %, simple and complex hyperplasia – in 33 %, only atrophic endometrial changes – in 13 % of patients. The tumor was within the endometrium in 5 patients, the superficial invasion of the myometrium (1–2 mm) were in 8 patients, invasion to half of the myometrium – in 9 patients, invasion of more than half of the myometrium – in 3 patients. The questions of tactics of treatment of atypical endometrial hyperplasia is under discussion.

The author’s findings suggest the higher efficiency of standard combined treatment for ovarian cancer in combination with chemotherapy and oxygen therapy.

The development of genetics in the study of predisposition to malignancies, to ovarian and breast cancers in particular, as well as the experi- ence of prophylactic surgery to reduce the risks of these diseases have permitted prophylactic bilateral tube ovariectomy to be used as a main technique in BRCA1 and BRCА2 gene mutation carriers. The purpose of this investigation is to demonstrate key studies in this area.