The Zoladex In Pre-menopausal Patients (ZIPP) study was designed to determine whether addition of goserelin (‘Zoladex’) and/or tamoxifen to adjuvant therapy (radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy), provided benefit to pre- or peri-menopausal women with operable, early breast cancer.

The paper describes a case of generalized breast cancer treated with Zometa in combination with chemotherapy. It shows it necessary to supplement chemotherapy with zoledronate in case of bone changes in order to improve the results the antitumor treatment performed.

The pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the development of breast hyperplastic processes have been presently studied rather well. One may advance in the prevention and treatment of the abnormalities occurring on this basis if the major canals for transmitting the signals stimulating breast cell proliferation are blocked. Indinol the use of which is considered in this paper is one of the agents that block the development of hyperplastic processes in hormone-dependent tissues.

The paper considers the reports which were presented at the 31st Annual Symposium on Breast Cancer, held in San Antonio (USA) in December 2008 and concerned different aspects of the use of Taxotere in this disease.

Supplementation of oral clodronate to postoperative adjuvant treatment for breast cancer (BC) considerably improves overall and relapse-free survival rates. The paper gives the results of a long-term follow-up of patients during a prospective randomized controlled study.
Subjects and methods. The study included patients with primary BC receiving clodronate in a dose of 1600 mg/day in combination with the conventional adjuvant therapy for BC.
Results. An analysis of 290 of 302 patients indicated a significant increase in overall survival in the clodronate group at a median fol- low-up of 103±12 months; during 8.5 years after primary surgical treatment, 20.4% and 40.7% of patients died in the clodronate and control groups, respectively (p = 0.04). The clodronate group did not show a considerable reduction in the rate of metastatic lesions in the bone and visceral organs or an increase in the relapse-free period following 36- and 55-month follow-ups.
Conclusions. The findings of better late overall survival rates confirm the results of earlier studies of oral clodronate in combination with the conventional adjuvant therapy for BC.

Organ-preserving surgical interventions can be performed owing to improved drug and radiation therapy methods. When radical resec- tion is contraindicated, radical mastectomy is carried out, which is a serious psychological trauma to a woman.
In this connection, plastic reparative surgery for breast malignancies is growing in importance. An operation using silicone implants is technically much simpler and less traumatic to patients; therefore one-stage repair with a Becker expanding endoprosthesis both alone and that in combination with displaced flaps occupy a highly important place.

The paper concisely reviews the classifications of axillary lymph nodes (LN) and considers various approaches to their formation. The authors identify the axillary lymph chain consisting of lateral, central, and apical groups of nodes through which lymph outflows into the overlying lymph collectors, as well as of subscapular and medial groups of nodes from where lymph makes its way into the auxil- lary lymph chain.

The data given in the paper are based on the analysis of 121 women with breast cancer who were treated and followed up in the Tashkent City Cancer Dispensary in the period of 1999 to 2008. Long-term results were summarized in September 2008.

The hormonal background was studied in 32 menopausal patients who had primary breast cancer (Stage III) or its recurrence in the postoperative scar. The patients with the primary process, unlike those with a recurrence, were found to have increased adrenocortical cortisol-forming activity and changed thyroid homeostasis. In both types of the neoplastic process, the blood concentrations of estradi- ol, testosterone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones were disturbed in a substantial number of cases; the distinc- tive feature of the primary process and its recurrence lies in the opposite direction. An association of individual differences in the con- centrations of estradiol and testosterone with the efficiency of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was analyzed in patients with recurrent can- cer.

The current diagnosis of breast diffuse and nodular dysplasias is based on the use of clinical, non-invasive and invasive X-ray, ultra- sound, radionuclide diagnostic methods and pathomorphological, cytometric, and molecular biological studies. Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of various techniques has determined the optimal tactics of an examination and indications for surgical treatment of nodular dysplasias caused by various breast diseases.

There are currently many unsolved problems associated with the optimization of treatment in patients with breast cancer (BC) who have undergone organ-preserving operations. The occurrence of BC recurrences after organ-preserving treatment, their determination and prognostic factors are a challenge.

The paper analyzes data on the state-of-the-art of oncological care given to patients with gynecological cancer, considers differences in morbidity rates between individual population groups and regions, and compares the maximum and minimum cancer morbidity rates among different populations.

Organ-preserving operations (OPO) in patients with immature ovarian teratoma are shown to be a required technique that permits reproductive function to be preserved in young female patients. The most important positive aspect of OPO is also to preserve a normal hormonal background, owing to which surgical castration-related disorders may be prevented.

The paper deals with the study of the factors that regulate apoptosis and angiogenesis, by using biomolecular methods in patients with ovarian neoplasms. The investigation of these factors will furnish insights into the essence of the abnormalities underlying these diseases.

To increase tumor sensitivity to specific exposure, by minimizing damage to intact tissues is an urgent task in therapy for gynecological cancer at any site. Laser-induced hyperthermia (LIHT) is a very promising effective, safety, and cost-effective technique for modify- ing a tumor response for various modalities of multimodality treatment for gynecological cancer, including for the effective therapy for locally advanced tumors and recurrences which are resistant to traditional interventions.
The advantages of LIHT are firstly that it is able to regulate temperature and heating depth and volume in the real-time mode, by chang- ing the parameters of laser irradiation (wave length, power, exposure) from the data of direct thermometry used during a procedure.

More than 50% of all cancers are known to occur in women above 60 years of age. It is difficult to choose a method for their treatment. Fifty hundred and ten women with Stages I—III cervical cancer who had been treated with surgery, radiotherapy and complex treat- ments were followed up.

Thirty two with the ascitic form of Stages IIIC—IV ovarian cancer underwent 1 to 3 courses of intraperitoneal multidrug therapy using a protein ascitic fluid concentrate (PAFC) as a solvent of drugs (cisplatin, cyclophosphan, doxorubicin) according to the CAP regimen. The induction chemotherapy allowed remission to be achieved in 78.1% of cases (against 40% with standard intraperitoneal therapy), the stan- dard volume of surgical treatment was performed in 28 (87.5%) patients (21 (70%) receiving the control regime); with the use of PAFC, the size of minimum residual tumour (less than 1 cm) was achieved in 81.3% versus 63.3% with standard intraperitoneal chemotherapy. This treatment enables the use large-dose chemotherapy regimens that cause no severe systemic toxic reactions. The method is highly-effective, low-toxic and may be recommended for the treatment of patients with the ascitic form of Stages III—IV ovarian cancer.

Based on clinical data, case histories, ultrasound studies, hormonal status, steroid hormone receptor levels, and estrogen metabolic enzyme activities, which are of the greatest informative value, the authors have determined a regression function for assessing a risk for endometrial cancer (EC) in patients with endometrial hyperplastic processes and calculating an individual risk. The application of this model could make an objective assessment of EC progress in these patients and use a treatment option on an individual basis. In patients with endometrial hyperplasia, the sensitivity of the EC risk prediction model was 87.5%; its specificity was 90%; these were 80 and 85.7 in the perimenopause and 92 and 83% in the postmenopause, respectively. For patients with endometrial hyperplasia con- current with uterine myoma, these indices were 87 and 85%, respectively.
The mathematical model makes it possible to objectively assess the risk of EC in patient with endometrial hyperplasia in different age groups, to make up increased cancer risk groups, and to plan an individual treatment option, by taking into account both the tradi- tional indicators and the specific features of estrogen reception and metabolism.

Over the past years the number of young people diagnosed with cancer has been increasing. Aggressive chemotherapy and radiothera- py have resulted in an increased number of long-term cancer survivors of young cancer patients, but major side effects of these treat- ments are ovarian failure and subsequently lead to a loss of fertility. When cancer is diagnosed, patients and oncologists generally focus on treating the disease, and as a result, critical questions about fertility can go unasked or unanswered. If this happens, cancer patients may miss the only opportunity they have to preserve their ability to have a biological child. Fertility preservation should be an integral part of improving the quality of life in cancer survivors.

The prevention of cancer of the cervix uteri (CCU) is an interdisciplinary problem that may be solved only via joint efforts of gynecol- ogists, oncologists, virologists, and immunologists. Since there is currently strong evidence for the viral origin of CCU, vaccination is prominent in its primary. The present paper considers and comparatively analyzes 2 different lines of biotherapy for CCU.

The problems in the early diagnosis, primary and secondary prevention of family cancer of the breast and/or ovaries are successfully solved within medical genetic counseling at a cancer clinic. Its genetic diagnosis is confirmed, individual risks for breast and/or ovarian cancer are calculated, risk-modifying factors are studied, and treatment, family planning, and childbirth are discussed during clinicogenetic studies.

The investigation included 39 female patients with different forms of trophoblastic disease whose immunity was studied by the cur- rently available procedures. The patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 comprised 29 patients with a history of hydatidiform mole, who received no chemotherapy (CT) since an analysis of the data did not show the presence of a trophoblastic tumor. Group 2 consisted of 10 patients with a verified trophoblastic tumor who received CT with various drugs. The patients with trophoblastic disease were found to have some abnormal immunological parameters; however, they differ little in patients with the malignant and benign course of the disease and cannot serve as a prognostic factor. Activated lymphocytes were substantially increased in both groups, suggesting an active immune response to antigen-foreign cells expressing along with parenteral antigens. The patients with hydatidiform mole have the sign to be further studied, that is a reduction in the count of СD25-positive Т lymphocytes, pos- sibly, suppressor cells.

The study has demonstrated that medical abortion in women with a history of breast cancer is not justified as a medical intervention in further pregnancy. After 2 years of the termination of treatment, there may be procreation in a patient with early cancer, a good prognosis, and an active wish to have a baby. At the same time, the patient should undergo a complete examination, involving a geneticist's counseling.

Whether endometrial cancer (EC) is associated with different allele variants of genes of the detoxification system of xenobiotics has been studied and analyzed. The study has been conducted on a sufficient number of patients (102 and 149 women in the study and control groups, respectively). The methods used have been quite adequate to solve the set task.
There are significant differences in the distribution of the frequency of genomes of the GSTM1 gene between patients with EC and the controls (χ2 =3.9, p = 005).
Homozygous carriers of GSTP1 gene mutation in EC patients are encountered more frequently in the control group (5.9 and 3.4%, respectively), which shows the increased probability of EC in women with this genotype; heterozygous carriers of mutation with Ile/Val genotype are also identified more frequently in EC patients (47.05 %) than those in the control group (33.5; p = 0.04); the odds ratio was 1.76, which suggests a high risk of EC.