Identification of markers that will identify the disease at an early preclinical stage, is the main goal of our research. Diagnostic marker should have the following characteristics: high sensitivity and specificity, be readily accessible for the analysis of tissues and body fluids, and above all, be determined in blood plasma. Early detection of breast cancer markers in the blood – a promising trend in science, however, is technically challenging because of the heterogeneity of the disease and the variability of blood plasma proteins. Our review is devoted to theoretical assumptions and practical results of the search of new proteomic markers of breast cancer.

For a long time, in oncology dominated the stochastic theory of onset and progression of tumors, which postulated that any cell malignant
tumor has tumorogenesis properties. However, currently there are more data indicating that the malignant tumors like normal tissues consist
of several subpopulations of cells of various degree of differentiation, including stem. Thus, the alternative stochastic theory became a hierarchical theory of carcinogenesis. Like normal stem cells, cancer stem cells have natural resistance to radiation and systemic drug therapy, and may become the reason of occurrence of relapses and metastases. In this review analysed data regarding the clinical significance of breast cancer stem cells.

Lysis in locally advanced breast cancer (BC) is not a sign of tumor process dissemination. The correct elaboration of management tactics for such patients may achieve rather good early and late results. The doxorubicin + xeloda regimen for BC complicated by lysis has some advantage over the FAC regimen, without additionally increasing the rate of adverse reactions and worsening the quality of life.

Fareston (toremifene) and tamoxifen, both selective estrogen receptor modulators, are therapeutically equivalent treatments for metastatic breast cancer. We hypothesized that toremifene as compared with tamoxifen given as adjuvant therapy for early stage breast cancer would result in equivalent survival with an improved side effect profile, therefore, providing superior therapeutic efficacy.

Subjects and methods. The North American Fareston versus Tamoxifen Adjuvant trial assigned 1813 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR) – positive invasive breast cancer to adjuvant treatment with either tamoxifen or toremifene. The primary outcomes evaluated were disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

Results. Median follow-up was 59 months. The baseline characteristics of the 2 treatment groups were well-balanced. On the basis of intenttotreat, 5-year actuarial DFS was not significantly different between tamoxifen and toremifene (91.2 % (standard error of the mean (SE) 1.2 %) vs 91.2 % (SE 1.1 %), respectively). Similarly, 5-year actuarial OS was not significantly different between tamoxifen and toremifene (92.7 % (SE 1.1 %) vs 93.7 % (SE 1.0 %), respectively). Controlling for patient age, tumor size, and tumor grade, a Cox multivariate survival analysis found no difference between patients randomized to toremifene versus tamoxifen in terms of OS (OR 0.951; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.623–1.451, p = 0.951) or DFS (OR 1.037; 95 % CI, 0.721–1.491, p = 0.846). Adverse events were similar in the 2 groups.

Conclusions. Women treated with adjuvant hormonal therapy enjoyed excellent DFS and OS. No significant differences were found between treatment with either tamoxifen or toremifene. Treatment of HR-positive patients with either tamoxifen or toremifene is appropriate.

One of leading problems of mammology is early diagnostics of a breast cancer. The work purpose studying of opportunities of a complex of radiological research techniques in diagnostics of a breast cancer at women after augmentation mammoplasty silicone gel implants. By results of сomplex kliniko-radiological examination of 630 women aged from 18 till 72 years (middle age made 35 ± 0.43 years) with 1260 implants the breast cancer was revealed at 7 (1.1 %) patients. The invasive pro-current cancer with local widespread type of body height of tumoral knot is histologically diagnosed. Sensitivity and specificity of methods of radiodiagnosis in identification of a cancer of mammary glands at women after endoprosthesis replacement made mammography – 28.6 % and 66.1 %, ultrasonography – 71.4 % and 85.7 %, magnetic resonance imaging – 85.7 % and 98.2 %, respectively. Thus, complex application of radiology research techniques raises level of diagnostics of breast cancer at patients after augmentation mammoplasty silicone gel implants that allows to choose an adequate method of treatment.

From 122 of women with aseptic discharge from breast milk glands in 42.6 % of the cases in history was celebrated mastitis or postpartum lactostasis (25.4 %). Study the contents of the bile ducts, the state of periductale tissue of mammary glands of these women showed that a high titer of bacterial invasion was typical for women in the age of 35–55 years as among parous (10.7 %), and in nulliparous (8.2 %). The proliferating epithelium in the ducts is more marked in women who have had an abortion (4.9 %) and parous women of reproductive age (4.1 %). For сецернирующих of mammary glands is more characteristic of differentiation on the grounds of proliferation and autoimmunisacion. Cistic-advanced ducts, as a source of excessive hormone concentrations, leading to displastic processes of the walls of the cystic formations and periductale tissue, is an indication for the beginning of the immediate treatment of the patient.

The paper considers the issues of hormone therapy for diffuse fibrocystic mastopathy concurrent with different hormonal homeostatic disorders and gynecological diseases.

More and more data suggest that ovarian cancer (OC) is an immunogenic tumor. Clinical trials dealing with immunotherapy based on activated natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DC) are under way. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) from both peripheral blood and lymph nodes (LN) are proposed to be used as a source of immunity effectors. This paper characterizes peripheral blood and LN effector cells in patients with OC. The peripheral blood displayed T cell subpopulations: T helper cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and NK cells. LN showed virtually no expression of NK cell antigens, but exhibited the expression of markers of DC and T regulatory cells at the same time. The cytotoxic activity of MNCs against autologous tumor cells was higher than that against the K562 cell line. OC tissue samples were observed to contain low tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte counts.

Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is minimally invasive, less complicated and uterine-preserve procedure when compared to traditional surgical options. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred modality in gynecologic pathology visualization. MRI is more accurate than transvaginal ultrasound in evaluating number, size and structure of the fibroids as well as their vascularization (by means of contrast enhancement) on pre-UAE uterus. On post-UAE contrast enhanced MRI, performed in 1, 6 and 12 month after the procedure, shrinkage of fibroids as well as the absence of their enhancement can be registered, showing the success or the manipulation. In case when leiomyoma is accompanied with adenomyosis, poor response of UAE can be noted by means of enhanced MRI revealing revascularization of fibroids. Thus, enhanced MRI is essential in UAE efficiency assessment, predicting treatment response and it’s complications.

At present, there is no screening test for the early detecting of ovarian cancer, one of the most lethal form of gynaecological malignancy in the worldwide. In this study the new methodology for the search of tumor markers of ovarian cancer, involving profiling the low-molecular blood plasma proteomes, is developed, unified and approved. The given approach included three basic components: pre-preparation of samples, matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and bioinformatics software for mass spectral data processing. Opportunities and prospects of the developed approach for the detection of potential ovarian cancer markers were shown. For search of potential tumor markers, screening of 56 blood plasma samples from ovarian cancer patients and 36 benign ovarian neoplasia samples were carried out.
As a result of the present research, peptides / polypeptides which can be used in future for detecting this pathology were found out.

Cervical cancer (CC) is the third most common malignancy in women. The treatment depends on the extent of disease, i. e. on the stage of cancer. Staging of CC is based on the FIGO classification (2009) which has challenges in the evaluation of tumor invasion in parametrium and 
pelvic walls, involvement of regional lymphnodes and establishment of the real dimensions of the tumor by routine diagnostics approaches.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) looks like the method of choice in the staging of invasive CC. MRI is helpful in the evaluation of CC starting from stage IB FIGO (2009), to plan surgery or chemo-radiotherapy, to evaluate efficacy of treatment and to detect local tumor recurrence.

The paper deals with the clinical and epidemiological features of human neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and those of female reproductive organs
in particular. It presents current approaches to classifying these neoplasms in relation to their embryogenesis and biological properties. The clinical and morphological features of NET of female genital organs are described in detail. Microscopic and immunohistochemical criteria
characterizing NET are also given.