Hereditary breast cancer (BC) associated with BRCA1 mutations is characterized by a number of features as compared to sporadic and BRCA2- associated BC. Structural and functional changes in mutant proteins in accordance with the type and locus of BRCA1 mutations determine different variants of a BC phenotype. Identification of genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with hereditary BC makes it possible to single out its basic characteristics, to personalize its diagnosis and treatment, to estimate the prognosis and risk of multiple primary tumors in accordance with BRCA1 mutations (4153delA, 185delAG, 5382insC).

The article presents an overview of the literature about breast sarcomas (nonepithelial malignances). Primary sarcomas are extremely rare, with less than 1 % of all malignant tumors of the breast. Breast carcinomas cause an increased interest of the scientists due to their unique clinical and pathological features and unpredictable prognosis.

This paper analyzes 15-PGDH gene expression in the human breast cancer (BC) cell liness and describes the molecular principles through which the expression of the enzyme 15-PGDH is controlled in the tumor cells with a varying metastatic potential. There is an inverse correla- tion of 15-PGDH gene expression with COX-2 expression and the metastatic potential of tumor cells. Investigation of mechanisms for 15-PGDH regulation opens up new vistas and possibilities for the design of effective drugs for the targeted therapy of metastatic forms of BC.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the breast is a very rare form of metaplastic cancer and usually occurs in the elderly. A macroscopically tumor nodule frequently contains cystic cavities, by determining the size of a tumor. The local extent of the tumor in the absence of regional metas- tases characterizes a relatively favorable course.

The paper gives a major update on the most optimal use of radiotherapy following breast-sparing surgery. It discusses indications for and contraindications to the technique in different age categories and in different prognostic factors.

linical trials have shown that the status of the women achieving complete pathomorphological repression (CPR) of a tumor is characterized by significantly improved survival as compared to that of those who have not to an equal degree. The achievement of CPR as an intermediate marker for improved survival is chiefly observed in women with aggressive subtypes of breast cancer (BC): triple-negative and HER-2-positive. In patients with the latter subtype, addition of trastuzumab to neoadjuvant chemotherapy doubles the rate of CPR and correlates with higher survival rates. The performed clinical trials have established that neoadjuvant endocrine therapy is the most suitable treatment for patients with steroid hormone receptor overexpression. Whether it may be used in combination with targeted (anti-HER-2) therapy for estrogen and HER-2 coexpression is being investigated. Neoadjuvant therapy for suitable BC stages can accelerate the assessment of novel medications through identification of predictive biological markers for response (CPR in particular). Although standard neoadjuvant therapy gives an obvious benefit to patients with CPR, other patients with the so-called residual disease are at high recurrence risk.

Subcutaneous seroma formation is the most common complication of surgical treatment for breast cancer and occurs in 15–85 % of patients. Seroma can cause infection and/or long-term postoperative wound healing, increase the length of stay of patients in the surgical hospital, delaying the start of rehabilitation and adjuvant therapy, increase the cost of treatment, which significantly affects the quality of life of patients and reduces the cost-effectiveness of treatment. In this prospective study examined the factors that affect the duration of seroma in patients after surgical treatment of patients with breast cancer as the first stage in the development and implementation of prevention and treatment protocols subcutaneous seroma.

Тhe article presents the current approaches the most common drug therapy diffuse breast pathology – dyshormonal dysplasia. The role and place the most effective use of the base herbal medicine as well as various options for different symptoms of hormonal correction.

The functional properties of serum albumin were examined in patients with ovarian cancer and benign ovarian tumors. The findings make it possible to recommend that the albumin conformation index should be determined for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer and for evaluation of its treatment.

The European Society for Medical Oncology has long been elaborating uniform practical guidelines for oncologists. As of now, practical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of cancers have been worked out and published. This paper considers clinical guidelines for the treatment of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in terms of the results of current studies.

High incidence and mortality rate for ovarian cancer patients, short-term survival until relapse, repeated following surgeries and chemo- therapy, and also low survival rates make the problem of treatment of this pathology vital. Nowadays combination of platinum and paclitaxel (gemcitabine) in addition with targeted therapy (bevacizumab) is the most effective chemotherapy for first and second line of stages III and IV ovarians cancer. Considering high efficacy of these combinations aimed at the improving of the results of survival, further study of the use of bevacizumab in metastatic ovarian cancer therapy is necessary.
М.Р. Оганян, О.В. Давиденко
ГБУЗ «Клинический онкологический диспансер No 1» Минздрава Краснодарского края, Краснодар Контакты: Мариэтта Рафаэловна Оганян kapurol@mail.ru

This paper covers the topical problems of the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of trophoblastic tumors at regional cancer centers. Using as an example the Department of Gynecology, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, our country’s leading institution dealing with the problems of trophoblastic tumors, the authors show that it is necessary to introduce interna- tional standardized chemotherapy regimens and organ-sparing operations, which are able not only to cure young women, but also to preserve their reproductive function, into the practice of specialized facilities.

To paper describes the general provisions of the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of borderline ovarian tumors, which are based on current literature data. Their correct diagnosis will be able to perform adequate and at the same time organ-sparing surgery volume that will be re- sponsible for preserving reproductive and endocrine functions. Whether chemotherapy used as usual in patients with borderline ovarian tumors in some healthcare facilities is unadvisable is discussed.

The paper shows the prevalence and association of reproductive organ cancers with metabolic syndrome. The latter has been found to increase a risk for cancer of the endometrium, breast, and prostate.