The paper describes the basic principles of drug therapy for metastatic breast cancer and considers treatment options for this disease. It also analyzes and details hormonal therapy and chemotherapy regimens and evaluates the efficacy of drugs used in these regimens and their dif- ferent combinations.

The paper analyzes the results of treatment in elderly and senile patients with early breast cancer in relation to the scope of surgical treat- ment. The study enrolled 425 patients receiving the treatment as sector resection, the latter with lymph node dissection, and r adical mastec- tomy. According to the results of a follow-up, a group of patients treated by sector resection showed the best relapse-free sur vival rates and minimum breast cancer mortality.

Retrospective analysis of the long-term results of a study of quality of life in patients with locally advanced breast cancer w
survival and disease progression after 3-5 years revealed that the quality of life in patients with recurrence substantially differed from that in those with good long-term results of treatment practically on all SF-36 scales.

Pathomorphism is one of the most important prognostic factors for breast cancer . The paper gives the notion of pathomorphism an d its types and the most commonly used classifications of tumor pathomorphological changes. It also considers the long-term results of neoadjuvant treatment in relation to pathomorphism.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in w omen. Cutaneous metastases are observed in 20 % pa- tients with breast cancer. 36 breast cancer patients with cutaneous metastases were treated with photodynamic therapy in the de partment of laser and photodynamic therapy MRRC. Complete regression was obtained in 33.9 %, partial — in 39 % of cases, the stabilization achieved in 25.4 %, progression noted in 1.7 %. The objective response was obtained in 72.9 % of cases, treatment effect — in 97.4 %. Photodynamic therapy has good treatment results of cutaneous metastases of breast cancer with a small number of side effects.

The article presents the clinical and cytological features, management and clinical outcome of mucinous breast carcinomas in agroup of 162 patients. Mucinous breast carcinoma with extracellular mucus is a favorable prognostic factor . Early forms of the disease (I an d II stage) have been diagnosed in 85 % of cases. Remote metastases were revealed in 0.6 % in primary diagnosis. Within the study period the develop- ment of recurrence has not been recognized during initial stage. The mortality rate due metastatic disease has been observed in 5.4 % of pa- tients in the II stage and in 22.7 % in the III stage.

Many studies show that there are blood composition changes in the development of malignances. Nonetheless, to study changes in
chemical composition of peripheral lymph is also an urgent problem. This paper presents the results of studying the biochemical composition of peripheral lymph in 78 patients after mastectomy or breast resection in different breast stages. The study estimated the peripheral lymph concentrations of the following indicators: total protein, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, bilirubin, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, glucose, sodi- um, potassium, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. The findings suggest that considerable peripheral lymph changes occur in cancer patients, which shows the need for timely diagnosis and correction.

The paper summarizes the results of follow-ups of 624 patients operated on for clinically , radiologically, and cytologically verified intraductal papillomas (IDP) of the breast. Morphological study of the intraoperatively removed material revealed papillomas in 91.4 % of the patients, epithelial proliferation foci without dysplasia in 3.9 %, fibrosis and hyalinosis in 2.3 %, and lymphoid proliferations in the duct walls in 0.6 %. Immunohistochemical study of periductal tissues identified cell receptors to estrogens and progesterone in 44% of cases. Antiestrogen treatment versus no treatment postoperatively contributed to a reduction in the rate of recurrent IDP(from7.9to2.7 %)and to the prevention of intraductal carcinoma (3.2-0 %). This suggests that estrogens play an important role in the pathogenesis of both processes when theperiductal tissue cells contain sex hormone receptors. If they lack the receptors, resorption of pathological secretion gives rise to autoimmune inflammation, hyalinosis, fibrosis of the walls of ducts, their luminal obstruction and as a consequence to duct ectasias and breast cysts.

The fact that the formation and growth of malignancies occur with pronounced immune impairments is beyond question now. In the past de- cades, great progress has been made in the studies of the immunology and immunotherapy of malignancies, including breast cancer. Despite intensive studies of the specific features of cell immunity in breast cancer, many points remain to be inadequately studied sofar and the avail- able information is controversial and scarce, which calls for further studies.

The proteome of ascites and pleural fluids (AF and PF) was mapped in patients with ovarian cancer (OC). 240 and 190 proteins were identi- fied with a high degree of assurance in A F and PF, respectively . The major portion w as extracellular and membrane proteins, whi ch ac- counted for 45 and 49 % in AF and PF, respectively. Analysis of the proteomic maps of AF and PF indicated that 82 proteins were common to these biological fluids whereas 81 and 49 proteins were unique to A F and PF, respectively. A list of 46 potential markers for O C metastasis and potential markers for tropic OC metastasis over the peritoneal (17 proteins) and pleural (11 proteins) surfaces is given.

The fact that the diagnosis can be significantly verified using the liquid-based cytology technique and immunocytochemical assa
in analyzed 72 cases with the ascites forms of ovarian cancer. The effective panel to diagnose ovarian adenocarcinomas with ascites may be considered as follows: Ber-EP4, calretinin for the differential diagnosis of the tumor with reactive changes, as well as estrog en receptors, WT-1, CK7 for the clarification of the type of adenocarcinoma (in case of a positive reaction to Ber-EP4). Verification of the mucinous form of adenocarcinoma is now made difficult by a negative reaction to organ-specific markers.

Parameters of oxidative stress on the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), activity of glutathione-reductase, glutathione-transferase, superoxide- dismutase (SOD) and catalase in tumor tissue, plasma and red blood cells of patients with cervical cancer (CC) w as evaluated a t various clinical stages of the disease. It is revealed that an increase in tumor tissue MD A and glutathione enzymes while reducing SOD and catalase, which may indicate the development of oxidative stress in the dynamics of tumor progression. The data obtained suggest the increase of expres- sion of oxidative stress in red blood cells and tumor tissue in CC in the dynamics of tumor progression.

Hyperplastic process is nothing but excessive proliferation determining by histological or cytological method. Extending of the
precancer" conception including not only atypical endometrial hyperplasia but also other pathological changes of the endometriu m (glandu- lar-cystic hyperplasia, polyposis), with the marked endocrine and metabolic disorders background is of some scientific interest and encour- ages a search for a wide range of hypothetical pathogenetic mechanisms and w ays to prevent precancer and endometrial cancer . However, such an extension of the view on the endometrial precancer is not an equivalent of the nosological diagnosis which involves anexact morpho- logic substrate of the pathological process and a specific treatment policy.

In endometrial hyperplasia the total proteasome activity was not changed however the 26S proteasome activity was increased in comparison with the normal tissues. In endometrial cancer the high total proteasome activity and activities of 26S and 20S proteasomes wer e revealed. The changes in proteasome activities were correlated with the decreased content of α1α2α3α5α6α7 proteasome subunits and increased con- tents of LMP2, LMP7 and PA28β proteasome subunits compared to that in nonaltered tissues. Low content of α1α2α3α5α6α7 proteasome subunits was revealed at the second stage of cancer patients in comparison with that at the first stage.

Ovarian steroid cell tumors are rare, unusual neoplasms. There is now no unified management tactics for patients with this pathology. The paper reviews the literature on the clinical and morphological characteristics, prognostic factors, diagnosis, and treatme nt in patients with ovarian steroid cell tumors.

The viral nature of many female genital cancers is now beyond question. By taking into account this fact, the problem of qualitative assessment ofthenatureofcervicalintraepithelialneoplasia(CIN)anditsfocusonprogressiontoinvasivecarcinomabecomesquitenatu ral.Studiesof a number of biological markers of carcinogenesis have recently provided a possibility for prospective prediction. The paper con siders the as- pects of importance of the molecular biological markers of proliferation and apoptosis in the etiopathogenesis of genital cancers. It gives the results of examinations of 16 patients with histologically verified squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix uteri, 40 patients di agnosed as having CIN of different grades (CIN-1, CIN-2, CIN-3 — squamous cell carcinoma in situ), and 6 patients with the morphologically unaltered cervi- calepithelium,whosecervicalscrapeswereanalyzedfortheexpressionofthemRNAgenesССNB1,Ki-67,BA G,BCL-2,ESR1,andPRG. It is shown that the molecular genetic findings may be new prognostic markers that reflect the possible disease developmental pathways, sug- gesting the need for further investigation of biomarkers in order to prevent malignancies and to reduce their morbidity.

XV Oncological congress

Target therapy of ovarian cancer: hardship and progress