Objective: an immunohistochemical analysis of the characteristics of a recurrent tumor in breast cancer. Materials and methods. The statistical processing of immunohistochemical analysis’ results was performed and the most frequently encountered molecular-genetic subtypes of breast cancer with the development of local relapses were formulated. The analysis used a standard immunohistochemical panel, which is the “gold standard” for diagnostic in Russia today, and includes the expression of receptors for sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone), expression of the human epidermal growth factor HER2/neu receptor gene, and the index of proliferative activity Ki-67. The 2nd stage of the work was the evaluation of the dynamics of changes in the immunohistochemical characteristics of a recurrent tumor in comparison with the primary one. Results and conclusion. The most common local recurrence provides by triple-negative subtype of breast cancer (42 %). The changes in the immunohistochemical characteristics of a recurrent tumor in comparison with the primary one affected only the index of proliferative activity Ki-67 in the direction of its increase by 12 %.

This article discusses clinical and psychological examination of 54 patients with stages I–IIA breast cancer after organ-sparing surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Our results suggested that approximately half of the patients (51.9 %) had a significant increase in anxiety 6 months after completion of radiotherapy, whereas 40.4 % of women had mild depression.

A little studied question is the development mechanism, timely diagnostics, treatment and prevention of the fibrocystic breast disease at patients with insulin resistance. One of the possible perspective directions of pathogenetic impact on tissues of a mammary gland at the mastopathy associated with a giperinsulinemiya and insulin resistance is use of metformin. Now clinical trials on use of metformin at cancer of mammary glands continue. Data on use of medicines of this group at patients with fibrocystic breast disease in domestic and foreign literature are absent. Objective: assessment of influence of metformin on clinical displays of fibrocystic breast disease and ultrasonic characteristics of a parenchyma of mammary glands at patients with insulin resistance.Materials and methods. As therapy of fibrocystic breast disease patients received metformin in a dose of 1500 mg a day. Dynamic control of a clinical picture of a disease and ultrasonic indicators of a parenchyma of a mammary gland carried out in 3 and 6 months from the beginning of therapy. Results and conclusion. In 6 months of therapy there was a reliable decrease in frequency of a mastalgiya, change of an ultorasound picture of mammary glands: echogenicity of a parenchyma of mammary glands – became sredeny in 95,9% of cases, there was a reliable reduction of thickness of a parenchyma of mammary glands (from 15.5 mm to 10. 5 mm) and diameter of lacteal channels (from 1.7 mm to 0.9 mm). The obtained data on positive influence of metformin on the clinical course of mastopathy and structural changes of a parenchyma of mammary glands at patients with fibrocystic breast disease and insulin resistance allow to consider similar approach as the perspective direction of pathogenetic influence at such pathological association.

This systematic literature review aims to explore currently accepted risk factors for breast cancer, including reproductive status, overweight, radiation, breast radiological density, benign lesions, family history of breast cancer and mutations in breast cancer predisposition genes. The review also covers measures to prevent breast cancer.

Breast cancer is the 2nd most common malignant disease after lung cancer; about 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer in her lifetime. Cancer progression is a serious complication of the disease that encourages comprehensive investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying breast cancer development. This is also important for healthcare professionals involved in patient management, since they have to choose an optimal treatment regimen. This article discusses the role of microRNAs in the development of breast cancer, their biogenesis, classification, association with various molecular subtypes of breast cancer, and their potential role in the development of new targeted drugs for breast cancer therapy. Current research on the role of microRNAs in breast cancer progression is focused on the development of markers for breast cancer prognosis, diagnostic markers and new targeted drugs.

Adjuvant hormone therapy is considered the gold standard of therapy for hormone receptor-positive operable breast cancer. The approach to adjuvant hormone therapy in premenopausal patients has changed significantly in recent years. This change was caused by clinical trials, which have confirmed the advantage of adding ovarian suppression to tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors monotherapy. Individual approach to choosing an appropriate regimen of adjuvant hormone therapy in premenopausal patients with breast cancer should be based on the assessment of risks for relapse, expected effectiveness of treatment and evaluation of drug safety.

Breast cancer (BC) keeps being the most predominant malignant disease in women. In recent years, a trend towards “rejuvenescence” of the disease has been observed that affects its features. Despite modern methods of diagnosis and complex treatment used in young patients, survival in this age group are inferior that’s associated with biological and morphological peculiarities of BC in young age. Gradually are being collected data according to what age might be an independent factor exacerbating prognosis. For BC patients younger 40 years, various aspectsof hormone therapy remain ambiguous: prolonged tamoxifen use, aromatase inhibitors prescription, ovarian function suppression, a role of chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea on prognosis. The issue of appropriate, personalized adjuvant hormone therapy of BC is complex and heterogenous that requires a necessity to further conduct international randomized trials.

Organ-sparing surgeries for vulvar cancer (VC) include wide excision of perineal tissues or hemivulvectomy. The advances in the treatment of VC reduce the risk of complications in patients with somatic pathology and preserve reproductive function in young patients with minimal risk of disease recurrence. The development of new approaches to VC therapy based on currently accepted clinical and morphological criteria will help to improve treatment outcomes. Materials and methods. We retrospectively analyzed the data on 252 patients with VC. Of them, 58 participants had stage I VC, 103 had stage II VC, 79 had stage III VC, and 12 had stage IV VC. The majority of patients (n = 152) underwent vulvectomy; 100 patients underwent extended vulvectomy. Results. Tumor size and depth of invasion are independent prognostic factors determining overall patient survival. The overall survival rate in patients with tumors of 1.5 cm or smaller was 91.7 %, whereas in patients with tumors >2 cm the overall survival rate was 62.2 %. Thefive-year survival rate was 53.9 % in individuals with tumor invasion >1 cm and 84.6 % in individuals with tumor invasion <0.5 cm. Conclusion. We have developed the criteria for minimal vulvar cancer: tumors <2 cm, tumor invasion <5 mm, tumors located outside theclitoris, no tumor emboli in the vessels, no multifocal growth.

The problem of malignant tumors in pregnant women is becoming increasingly relevant in recent years primarily due to the postponement of childbirth. In 2014, the mean age of Russian women at first birth was 28.1 years, whereas in 1995, mean age was 24.9 years (Russian annual demographic report for 2015). Cervical carcinoma (primarily preinvasive) is the most common gynecologic malignancy in pregnant women. The doctor and the patient have to choose between immediate treatment and preservation of pregnancy, and, therefore, delayed anticancer therapy. We analyzed 17-year experience of managing pregnant women with non-invasive cervical cancer followed up in the N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Onclology, Ministry of Health of Russia, and also summarized the strategy used in the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of such patients.