In the cell there is a large class of regulatory molecules referred to as microRNA. Many investigators regard microRNA Mir and Mir-155 as new potential prognostic markers and targets for goal-oriented therapy for breast cancer (BC) these days. MiR-21 and MiR-155 have been found to regulate the metastatic potential of tumor cells and to be differentially expressed in the BC cells. Our review deals with the theoretical prerequisites for and practical results of studying MiR-21 and MiR-155 as potential molecular markers for BC.

Current therapeutic approaches based on a study of the genetic portrait of a tumor individualize treatment policy to a greater extent, which cre- ates real prospects for the increasing number of patients to recover. Experimental and clinical evidence suggest that the increased expression of the COX-2 gene increases the risk for breast cancer (BC) cell dissemination into distant organs. A number of recent studies have revealed that selec- tive COX-2 inhibitors are able to suppress proliferation, to induce apoptosis in the BC cells, and to inhibit tumor neoangiogenesis. However, this area contains many unclear and disputable problems to be still experimentally solved. Our review deals with the theoretical prerequisites for and the analysis of a role of COX-2 in BC cell dissemination.

Screening of breast cancer with mammography recommended to women over 40 has been shown to decrease breast cancer mortality. But mam- mography has much lower accuracy in young women with BRCA1/2 mutations and women with a strong family history. Therefore new screening methods in young high-risk women are necessary to detect early-stage cancer.

Results of inspection, treatment and dynamic supervision of 166 patients with nonpalpable breast tumors are presented. Distribution of tumors on BI-RADS system is given. Possibilities of a mammography and ultrasonography in diagnostics of a preclinical breast cancer are shown. Practical recommendations about a choice of an optimum way of presurgical verification of nonpalpable tumors are offered. Indications for surgical treat- ment and dynamic supervision are specified at nonpalpable breast tumors.

The article describes the main epidemiological, clinical and morphological diagnostic features of one of the rare breast cancer form – mucinous carcinoma of the breast. Current scientific data are followed by the results of own research the 9-year period of research.
Authors draw attention to the very complex radiology peculiarities of the mucinous carcinoma of the breast.

The article describes the influence of hypothyroidism on the diagnostic efficacy of different breast imaging techniques. In 2010–2013 the study included 1008 patients: 501 (49.7 %) patients with hypothyroidism and 507 (50.3 %) patients without hypothyroidism.
Mammography and ultrasound with Doppler mapping and qualitative elastography performed. Diagnostic effectiveness of mammography is lower in patients with hypothyroidism, than in patients without hypothyroidism. The combination of mammography and ultrasound with Dop- pler mapping is most effective in patients with hypothyroidism. Qualitative elastography is impractical because of the lack of additional infor- mation compared with Doppler.

The main outcomes of our interest were local control and survival of 76 patients with local recurrence of breast cancer treated with conservative surgery (n = 32) or mastectomy (n = 44). There was not statistically significant difference in the probability of 5-years overall (81 %, 64.2 %; p = 0,245) and metastatic-free survival (60.7 %, 57.1 %, p = 0,553), as measured from the recurrence, and in rates of subsequent in-breast (12.5 %) or chest wall (11.4 %) recurrences between women of these two groups respectively. This fact is rationale for repeat breast-conserv- ing surgery in appropriately selected patients and requires further investigations.

Tamoxifen is one of the basic drugs of adjuvant hormone therapy in patients with hormone-dependent breast tumors. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the results of randomized trials of long-term adjuvant hormone therapy for breast cancer.

In the present review has described the historical stages of systemic therapy of breast cancer with the use of taxanes, and has given a detailed description of drugs (paclitaxel and docetaxel). The role of docetaxel (Taxotere) in reducing the recurrences and death from cancer risk has shown. The major randomized trials has described; was studied the effectiveness of combination with docetaxel (Taxotere) in the adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer with or without lymph nodes involvement. The important role of docetaxel (Taxotere) in the adjuvant treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer was shown.

This article is devoted to modern approaches in HER-2-positive metastatic breast cancer therapy. Recently treatment algorithm for this type of cancer included trastuzumab plus cytostatic in first line, continuation of trastuzumab with another chemotherapy regimen in second line, further switch to lapatinib and eventual return to trastuzumab after progression. Nowadays our options are broader owing to new anti-HER-2 agents which are pertruzumab and T-DM1. Now the most effective therapy regimen in first line is double HER-2 blockade (trastuzumab + pertuzumab) in combination with docetaxel. Benefit of new agent T-DM1 versus combination of lapatinib and capecitabin is proved in patients progressed on trastuzumab and taxanes. T-DM1 also showed high efficacy as salvage therapy in intensively pretreated patients with meta- static HER-2-positive breast cancer who progressed on taxanes, trastuzumab and lapatinib.

The phenotypic and morphological features of hereditary breast cancer in relation to abnormal BRCA genotype among Kyrgyz women remain virtually unelucidated now. This paper presents the results of the first medical genetic study conducted in the Kyrgyz Republic, which has yielded preliminary data on the spectrum of mutations associated with hereditary breast cancer in the Kyrgyz female popu- lation. The findings suggest that it is possible and expedient to further study the problem of hereditary breast cancer for substantiation of screening for a genetic predisposition to this disease in order to form risk groups and to timely undertake primary prevention.

Towards the end of the past century, cancer of the corpus uteri achieved the status of leading gynecologic cancer not only in developed countries, but also in Third World countries. The leading determinants of prognosis and treatment policy are tumor extent and grade at diagnosis. It is important to search for the informative and significant indicators of biological tumor activity, which are determined by pre- and postoperative mini-invasive laboratory studies, the combination of which could additionally judge the extent and grade of a tumor. At present, there are no significant tumor markers for the screening for and evaluation of progressive cancer of the corpus uteri, which would have a high specificity and sensitivity although their search is constantly underway worldwide.

The article analyzes magnetic resonance images of the 117 patients with endometrioid ovarian cysts including 12 patients with ovarian cancer raised from endometrioid cysts. Such symptoms as vascularized solid component formation, cyst enlargement and T2-shading regression showed strong correlation with malignant transformation of endometrioid cyst. The solid component within the cyst needs to be differentiated between malignant tumor growth, decidualization and inflammatory tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful non-invasive method of malignant transformation of the endometrioid ovarian cysts.

The article presents the results of prospective, controllable, randomized research the purpose of which was examination of opportunities of optical coherent tomography using diagnostic monitoring of patients suffering from human papillomavirus associated changes of cervical mucous in low degree. There were 50 patients examined of basic and control groups with dynamic observation during 3 years. It was determined that inclusion of optical coherent tomography in diagnostic algorithm allowed to reduce the amount of ungrounded biopsies by 39 % and to decrease the frequency of instrumental and laboratory methods of monitoring.

Currently, basic research in oncology focused on finding new potential markers of metastatic activity of tumor cells and rational approaches to cancer therapy. Constant search for biomarkers of endometrial cancer with high sensitivity and specificity, is a promising direction in medicine. Identification of new markers will identify the disease at an early stage and start early treatment.

At present, there is no screening test for the early detecting and monitoring of ovarian cancer, one of the most lethal form of gynaecological malig- nancy in the worldwide. In this study, the new methodology for the search of tumor markers of ovarian cancer, involving profiling the low-molec- ular blood plasma proteomes, is developed, unified and approved. The given approach included three basic components: pre-preparation of samples, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and bioinformatics software for mass spectral data process- ing. Opportunities and prospects of the developed approach for the detection of potential ovarian cancer markers were shown. For search of po- tential tumor markers, screening of 40 blood plasma samples from ovarian cancer patients and 48 control samples were carried out. As a result of the present research, peptides/polypeptides which can be used in future for detecting this pathology were found out.

The article investigates the influence of the tamoxifen on the endometrium of patients receiving antiestrogen therapy in treatment of breast cancer. Studied by ultrasound, and hysteroscopic endometrial pathological characteristics during treatment with tamoxifen to optimize the tactics of this group of patients.

Malignant pericardial effusions often arise in patients with breаst cancer and ovarian cancer. Sistem antitumor therapy is uneffective in gen- erally and causes side effects. Here we show that intrapericardial interleukin-2 with allogenеc lymphokine-activated killers and interleukin-2 immunotherapy demonstrated the high efficacy in threatment of breаst and ovarian cancer patients with malignant pericardial effusions. The objective effect was 92.3 % аnd 90.0 % accordingly. These results indicates that intrapericardial immunotherapy might be one of the stages of combined treatment of such group of patients. The suggested type of biotherapy increases the survival and life quality of patients.

The paper evaluates the role and place of laparoscopic surgery in treatment of patients with endometrial cancer and obesity. It describes the types of similar operations: laparoscopic hysterectomy ± pelvic lymphadenectomy. Overall and disease-free survival is reported to be the same with both laparoscopy and open surgery.

In the last decade, accumulated evidence in favor of that ovarian cancer is an immunogenic tumor. Immunotherapy is aimed at stimulating the innate and adaptive immunity, may cause an effective response in patients with ovarian cancer. Various approaches immunotherapy include cytokinetherapy, use of monoclonal antibodies and cell therapy.

The paper discusses the issues of setting up a quality management system in a multidisciplinary specialized clinical research center. It describes the experience with information technologies used in a prophylactic facility to set up effective out- and inpatient health care control. Measures to optimize work under present-day conditions to upgrade the quality of health care are given using the federal health facility as an example.